- 



CASAI.K, 



HIN. 







Thre mile* <o the couth <>f Cartnicl u medtoiaal spring of some 

 mmto. called Holy W. U. Nror th town u Holker Hall. a *<*rt of 

 the Earl of Burli igtoo. ID the vicinity are moo; private nwwtom, 

 nirrounded with plantations and pleasure-ground* which extend along 

 the ! Ml", null impart to the *o*oery much beauty. Krum 



the rapidity with which the tide flows over such an extensive Ural 

 surface tho p**Mg aero** Uw sands u attended with danger. Uuide* 

 are appoin'd by government to conduct pas*nyn from abore to 

 bora. The distance acros* Lancaster sand* to the eatt U about 

 miW, that acroM Leven **n.l* to to* west Dot quite 4 miie*. 



(Baine*. Ui*ory of ZomwsUrt ; Communicate fn Cartmrl.) 



CASA'I.E, a province and town of the continental Sardinian 

 Htete*. The province U bounded to the X. anil K. by tho Po, which 

 divide* it from the province* of Veroalli and Mortara ; on the a it 

 border* on the province of Alessandria, and on the W. on the province* 

 of Asti and Turin. It ia interacted from north-wet to south-east 

 by the riilge of the Monferrato hilhi, which divide the valley of the 

 Tanaro frum that of the Po. 1 he Tine thrives on this tract, which 

 produce* come of the be*t wine in Piedmont. It U aUo known for 

 iu trufflr*. Great numbers of sheep are reared in the province. 

 Silk it another of iu chief product!. The area is 334 square miles, 

 and thr population of the province in 1848 wa* 120,425. 



OutaU, the chief town of the province and formerly the capital 

 of the marquiaate of Monferrato, an important city with 21,000 

 inhabitant*, i* situated on the right bank of the Po, 37 miles K. from 

 Turin. It was formerly fortifiud, and its citadel, built at the close of 

 the 16th century, was one of the strongest plu.es in Italy. Since 

 the disastrous campaigns of Sardinia against Austria in 1849, the 

 town of Casale has been strongly fortified uuder the direction of 

 General de U Marmara. The Po is crossed here by an iron bridge, 

 The o.d castle which wan once the residence of the marquises of 

 Monf'irato, is still standing. The cathedral of San Evasio, a Lombard 

 structure, said to have been founded by King Luitprand in A.D. 742, 

 contains some fine paintings, a richly decorated shrine, and a chapel cased 

 with costly marble; thechurchofSanlaCaterinaisaLorichin painting*. 

 The church of San Domrnioo was built at the expense of the princes 

 Paleologhi, and consecrated in 1513. A tomb in memory of the 

 Paleolughi was erected in the church over their remains by the lain 

 kiug of Sardinia in 1835. The church was built after a design of 

 Bramau'ino, it has a splendid facade, aid for elegance, of proportions 

 and richui ss of decoration it U surpassed by few churches m Pied- 

 mont The other remarkable churches are those of Sant' Ambrosio 

 and Sant' llario ; the latter was once a pajau temple, ite consecration 

 took place in the 4th century. Among the ancient civil structures 

 of Casale mention must be made of the clock tower, built before 

 the year 1000, and repaired iu 1510 ; and the town-house, supposed 

 to have been built by Bramantc. 



Casale has also several palaces belonging to the nobility, a theatre, 

 a royal college, and a college for boarders. There are several silk 

 factories iu the town, and a considerable trade is carried on in 

 corn, wine, aud other agricultural produce. Casale is a bishop's 

 we, and the residence of the Intendente, or governor of the province ; 

 it has a court of justice, from which appeals lie to the supreme 

 court of Turin. The town of Moncalvo, with 3700 inhabitants, is 

 next to Casxle in importance. Ita industrial products are spun silk 

 aud leather. 



CASAN, properly Kasan or Kazan, the name of a khanat, or king- 

 dom, founded by the. Tartars in the north-east of Europe in 1441, 

 and subjected to Russia in 1552. The five governments formed out 

 of it namely, Kazan, Perm, Simbirsk, Pensa, and Vlitka are some- 

 time* historically spoken of as the kingdom of Kazan. The 

 Ru>aiau government or province of Casan includes a portion of tho 

 basin* of tho Volga and iu tribiitory the Kama; and is bounded N. 

 by Viatka, E. by Orenburg, S. by Simbirsk, and W. by Nischnci- 

 Novgorod. It lie* between 54" 10' and 66 45' N. lat, 46" 20' and 

 61* 45' E. long. Tho area according to official survey measure* 

 28,868 square miles, and the population in 1846 was 1,342,000. 



The surface is in general an undulating level, the south-eastern 

 part of which U varied by the western branches of the Ural Mountains, 

 while a nnall ramie of limestone hills, called tho Undariiiu Mountains, 

 run* parallel with the right bank of the Volga, but nowhere attains 

 a greater elevation than 1000 feet. 



Tb* principal river in Canan is the Volga, wti Ji enters it from 

 Nischnci Novgorod in the north-west, runs through the hcait of tho 

 province, where it i* iucr. ased by the large river Kama, and quits it 

 in the south, on the border* of the province of Simbirsk. The Volga 

 ha* considerable breadth before the Kama join* it, but is enlarged 

 to 2100 feet by the accession of that itream. The Verluga, the 

 larger and lever Kokshaya, Sviaya, T*yvil, and Kasanka contribute 

 also to augment the Volga in this province. The province contain* 

 many amall Ukea, which a* well a* the river* are well stocked with 

 flab. In the Undarian Mountain* are many sulphurous springs, and 

 much liquid naphtha, is found. 



The climate i* on UK whole salubrious ; but the winter i* so severe 

 that the river* an covered with ice from November to the end of 

 March. The Volga, on the bnaking up of the ice, rises above seven 

 feet beyond it* level in rammer. The fnu'U of Western Europe ripen 

 in the open air. 



Agriculture ia pursued to a limited extent; and a sufficient .r 

 of rr, wheat, flax, hemp, fruit, and vegetables ia grown I'..,- ordinary 

 consumption. The soil is generally fertil*, but hand* ara wanting 

 for iu proper cultivation. Whole district* are occupied by forest* 

 and awam|<s ; the chief kind* of troes arothe pine, fir, and oak ; 

 and the wood* abound in bears, wolves, auM feathered gninc. Large 

 herds and flock* an reared on the rich pasture-ground* which border 

 the rivers ; and the fleece* of Casau are of good quality. Horse* 

 are of good breed, and several fine ttuds are kept up. Goats are 

 numerous, pigs much leas *o. Among wild animal* are bears and 

 waive*. The Tartar inhabitant* collect much wax and honey. The 

 province contains atone for building, chalk, and lime, alabaster, salt- 

 petre, iron, and copper. 



Tho inhabitant* are engaged generally in spinning and weaving, 

 tanning, turning and making articles of wood, and oil-c. uniting, for 

 which last purpose they employ hemp-seed as well an nuts, of which 

 large quantities are obtained, particularly in the district* tl 

 between Casan and Simbirsk. The population is composed chiefly of 

 Russian Poles and Cossacks, who make up about h;ilf of the inhabi- 

 tant*. The Tartar* wlio inhabit a particular slobode, or quarter 

 of the towns and villages, are chiefly ortizans, and number about 

 300,000 ; the rest of tho inhabitants are composed of Tahuwashea, 

 Circassians, &c., who occupy farms or live in detached villages, 

 and are distinguished from tho rest of the population by 

 dirty habits. 



This part of Eastern Europe was formerly called Volgaria, or Bul- 

 garia, from the river Volga, and was inhabited by a Tartar tribe. 

 Forced from their settlements by new hordes of Tartars, the Bulga- 

 rians left their homes and finally settled among the Slavonic popula- 

 tion of the right bank of the Lower Danube, whom they subdued. 

 The name Bulgaria, by which this part of Moesia ha* been sine 

 tinguished, wa* thus derived from the Tartars of the Volga. [BUL- 

 GARIA.] A great-grandson of Ghcnghis Khan founded the city of 

 Casan in 1267, which became the capital of tho Kiptchak Tartars. 

 In 1441 the Khan of Casan became independent, an i < pro- 



vince into a kingdom, which subsisted till 1552, when it was con. . 

 by Ivan II. aud annexed to Russia. 



CASAN (Kazan or Kruan), the capital of the province, is an ancient 

 Tartar town, which stauds on a hill ri.-iug out of a low plain between 

 the Casonka and the Bulak which flows into it, and about five mile* 

 above the influx of the Casauka into the Volga: population about 

 60,000. It is composed of the kremlin or citadel, the middle town, 

 aud the lower town ; the whole is encircled by gardens, fields, and 

 meadows, which, when the Casanka in swollen by the waters of the 

 Volga in the spring, ore subject, as well as the lower town, to inunda- 

 tions. The kremlin, which is on the banks of the Casanka, contains 

 the governor's palace, archiepixcopal residence, barracks, prison 

 house* of correction, but particularly tho highly-venerated ' Karsian- 

 skaya Boyeninter,' or Cathedral of the Holy Virgin of Cosau, the pro- 

 totype of other Greek churches in various parts of Russia. The 

 middle town is chiefly distinguishable by the Qostini-Dver, or Bazaar, 

 and the market-place, which is surrounded in most parts by lofty 

 houses, chiefly built of stone, acd planted with rows of trees. Seve- 

 ral of the churches are well built. The lower town, next to the Bulak, 

 contains a number of rows of houses, separated by gardens, which are 

 the residences of the merchants and dealers ; and also the un : 

 buildings, a handsome pile embellished with Corinthian columns, and 

 containing a library of 30,000 volumes, a cabinet rich in Russian and 

 Tartar coins, collections in natural history and for experimental phi- 

 losophy ; a botanical garden, and a well-furnished astronomical and 

 magnetic observatory. Casan has 41 Greek churches, 4 i 

 8 Tartar medshets, or place* of worship ; a Greek seminary for divinity 

 students, 2 gymnasia and 4 other public schools, 9 Tartar schools, 

 a military school for 350 boys, an orphan asylum, and a Russian and 

 a Tartar printing house. The city is strongly fortified, and c<>i 

 on arsenal and an imperial powder manufactory. From the lowness 

 of its situation the town is unhealthy, and there is nlso a want of good 

 water for drinking. Cusan is the seat of several manufactures, parti- 

 cularly woollens, cottons, morocco and other leather, soap, cutlery, 

 jew. llery, ironware, earthenware, tiles, gunpowder, spirits, and ler. 

 It is the great mart for tho products of the adjacent parts of Russia, 

 and carries on an extensive trade by the Volga, of which teas and 

 Asiatic manufactures are leading articles. There is an active transit 

 trade with Siberia, Bokhara, and several parts of European Russia. 

 The Tartars live as a distinct community from the Russians, and have 

 settled on the opposite bank of the Bulak, upon the eminences around 

 Lake Kaban ; their dwellings are small and rude. Casan was captured 

 by the Czar Ivan II., after a siege of 43 days, in the year 1552. The 

 town wa* nearly destroyed by fire in 1774, again in 1815, from the 

 explosion of the government powder store* ; aud in 1842, when more 

 than half the city was reduced to ashes. These disasters are soon 

 repaired in a country where timber abounds and houses are chiefly 

 constructed of wood. 



CA8B1N, otherwise written Cafrin or A'nrn'n, a city in Persia, is 

 situated in about 36" 12' N. lat, 49 .'.3' E. long., !>n 1m!,-* \V.N.\\ . 

 tnuu Teheran. It wa* built about the middle of the 4th century. 

 Uuder the prince* of the Suffide dynasty Casbin became the capital 

 of the kingdom, and remained so unti) Hhoh Abba* removed the seat of 



