



CASTILLA LA NUEVA. 



3*0 



In the IHprfg sutmrb an an hospital, an infirmary, nnd a spacious 

 building with laboratories ; in the Frankfurt suburb, a bridewell or 

 house of industry, poultry-hall, Ac. ; aii.l in the Wilhelmshohersul.iirl., 

 Urge hospital The town and iU environs abound in beautiful 

 promenadM. Among thai* murt be mentioned the Angarten with it. 

 Brble baths, statues, and bai reliefs; the rammer pabo^ardeni at 

 \Vilhrliu*huber funous for their water- work, their conservatories, and 

 the theatre, built by King Jerome lionapartv, and now converted into 

 ball-rooms, and the oaKade <-f Karlburg with iU colossal statues of 

 the giant Bnoaladiu and Hercules, in the hollow of whoM club eight 

 persons may stand. 



Independently of the establishments already mentioned, Camel 

 POSIKSMS an academy of arts, with schools of painting, iculpture, and 

 qarign ; a society of antiquarian*, an agricultural association, a bible 

 society, and a medical college. The manufactures of the town, none 

 at which are on an extensive scale, consist of (ilka, cottons, hate, 

 tobacco, earthenware, refined sugars, woollens, gloves, cutlery, Ac. 

 Cass>l baa two large fain annually, but although it lies on a navigable 

 river, it it not the aeat of any great trade. Every great road about 

 Caasel has avenue* of trees. 



CASSEL. [NOBD.] 



CASSINE. [ALESSAKDRIA.] 



CASSIS. [BoUCIIES-DU-RHflKI.] 



CASSITE'IUUES, a group of inlands, generally supposed to be the 

 Scilly Islands. They are first mentioned by Herodotus (iii. 116), who 

 professes however his entire ignorance of them. Strabo (iii. 175) 

 observes " The Casaiteridea are ten in number, and lie near to one 

 another, to the north of the port of the Artabri (Cape Finiaterre), out 

 in the open sea. One of them is uninhabited, but the rest are occu- 

 pied by people who wear black clothing coming down to the feet and 

 tied round the chest. They gobout with sticks in their hands, and 

 with beards as long as that of a goat. They live mainly on their 

 flocks in nomadic fashion. They have mines of tin and lead, which 

 with skins they give in exchange for earthen ware, . salt, and copper 

 Tessnli, to the foreign merchant*. In former times, the Phoenicians 

 alone used to make this voyage from Oadeira (Cadiz), and kept it a 

 secret from all the world. The Romans, after repeated efforts, became 

 acquainted with this navigation. P. Crassus having passed over to 

 the islands, observed that the mines were-worked at a very small 

 depth, and that the inhabitants were peaceably disposed," Ac. 



The Greek name of the metal ' tin,' which is ' cosMteros,' occurs in 

 the Iliad of Homer, and the name of the islands is obviously derived 

 from the name of the metal. Cacsiteros however may not be a genuine 

 Greek word ; it is probably derived from ' knetlra,' the oriental term 

 { ir tin, which may have been introduced to western Europe by the 

 Phoenicians, who very probably traded in the tin of the Malayan Archi- 

 pelago before they discovered that of Britain. It is difficult to suppose 

 that Strabo's description applies to any other place tlmn the Scilly 

 Islands, and yet their position ia not very accurately given by him. 

 CASTEL-DI-SANGRO. [AoRvxza] 

 CASTEL OANDOLFO. [ALBA LOSOA.] 

 CASTEL RODRIGO. [BEIRA.] 

 CASTE!- SAKKASIN. [TARNK-ET-GARONKE.] 

 CASTEL VKTUANO, a town in the province of Trapani, in Sicily, 

 is situated near the left bonk of the Delia, 30 miles E. from the town 

 of Trapani, about five miles from the nearest point of the south 

 coast of the island, and has a population of about 13,000. The town 

 if famous in works iu coral and alabaster. It is built on a hill, and is 

 an old-looking place, with an old castle, several churches, convents, 

 and palaces. The country round Castol Vetrano is fertile in wine and 

 r. h pMtur.H. A few miles from Castol Vetrano, to the south-eastward, 

 are the ruins of the ancient Sdinut. This ancient site is covered with 

 broken columns, capitals, and other architectural fragments. The 

 columns are all Doric, and of largo dimensions; they ore called 

 ' Giants' Pillars ' by the peasantry. A few columns are still standing. 

 Some finely-sculptured metopes were discovered at the base of the 

 facade of the central temple in 1822. There are ruins of six temples 

 in ali [TBAPAHL! 



CASTELL AMMAHE, the chief town of a subdivision of the pro- 

 vince of Napoli, in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, is situated near 

 the bead of the Bay of Naples, on the lower slopes of the Monte 

 d'Auro (an offshoot of the limestone ridge of Monte Sant'Angelo), 18 

 miles by railway &E. from Naples, and has a population of 18,000. 

 It is connected l>y a branch railroad with the Naples- Nocera line, the 

 first railway opnned in Italy. The town stands on or near the site ol 

 the anci-nt Stabia, which was ruined by Sylla in the Social WAT, and 

 afterwards covered by ashes from Mount Vesuvius in the eruption ol 

 A.D. 79. Daring this eruption Pliny the elder lost his life at Stabiie. 

 The bill alwve CasUllammsro is called Monte Qui-si-sanafrom its pro- 

 verbial salubrity ; it is covered with villas and casini ;' among the 

 latter is the royal casino of Qui-ai-*ana, founded by Charles 1 1. of Anjou, 

 --* now the property of the Russian prince Ueven. Behind the hill 

 i the imposing BUMS of Monte Sanf Angela, whi 



i But* Angela, which with its triple 



is through the Somotine peninsula, and forms a conspicuous 

 object between the bay* of Salerno and Naples. The town derives its 

 I (signifying 'oailb by the sea') from its castle, which was erected 

 aror Frederick 1 1., surrounded by walls and towers by Charles 



in the 13th century, and suleeqiiuiitly strengthened by 



Alfonso I of Aragon. The town was sacked by the army of Pius II. 

 n 1461, and again in 1654 by the Duke of Guise. The harbour has a 

 depth of three to four fotboms water ; it is surrounded by spacious 

 quays and protected by a mole. In connection with the harbour are 

 a bagnio for galley slaves, and a royal arsenal and dockyard, where 

 the ships of the Neapolitan nary are built These establishments 

 contribute materially to the prosperity of the town. Castellammare 

 has been celebrated since the time of Galen for its mineral springs, 

 which are very efficacious in gouty and rheumatic affections. There 

 are twelve of these, four chalybeate, four saline, and four sul- 

 phureous, and they all rise at the base of the Monte d'Auro, within a , 

 short distance from one another. They are all of moderate tempera- 

 ture, seldom exceeding 65 Fahr. Great numbers of visitors frequent 

 Castellammare and its delightful neighbourhood during the summer 

 and autumn ; the temperature is 8 or 10 degrees lower than that 

 of Naples. The town, which gives title to a bishop, and has a hand- 

 some cathedral, is well built, partly on the lower slopes of Monted'Auro 

 but chiefly along a sheltered beach commanding a view of the whole 

 bay of Naples. Some wheat is exported ; the chief imports are coal, 

 timber, and machinery. Among the industrial products are macca- 

 roni, silk and cotton goods, and sail-cloth. The fisheries along the 

 coast employ a good many hands. Some excavations made among 

 the ruins of Stabin in 1745 brought to light a few fragments of sculp- 

 ture, some papyri, and paintings, which are now in the Museum of 

 Naples. 



There is another t'lixtrllammart, or Catlellamart, in the province of 

 Trapani in Sicily. It is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of 

 Castellamare, 22 miles E. from the town of Trapani, 27 miles W.S.W. 

 from Palermo, and has about 6000 inhabitants. The town, which is 

 ill-built and dirty, is named from its old decaying castle. It carries 

 on a considerable trade by sea, and has large granaries ; the exports 

 are corn, wine, fruit, cotton, manna, shumac, Ac. The remains of the 

 ancient Segesta are near Castellamare : they consist of a Doric temple 

 in tolerable preservation, the ruins of a theatre, and a part of the city 

 walls. Castellamare is said to occupy the site of the port of Segesta. 

 [TRAPAIJL] The town was half destroyed by a waterspout in 

 December 1851. 



CASTELLANE. [ALPBS, BASSES.] 



CASTELLAZZO. [ALESSANDRIA.! 



CASTELLO BRANCO. [BEIRA.J 



CASTELLON DE LA PLANA. [VALENCIA.] 



CASTELLUCIO. [BASILICATA.] 



CASTELNAU. [Lor.] 



CASTELNAUDARY. [AuDE.] 



CASTILE, the name generally given in English to the ancient 

 Spanish kingdom and provinces of Castilla. [CASTILLA.] 



CASTILLA, the name of one of the ancient kingdoms of Spain, 

 which was at first a condado (county), subject in some degree to the 

 kings of Leon. In 1028 the last Conde de Castilla died without issue, 

 and" the condado fell by inheritance to his sister, who was thn wife of 

 Sancho III., king of Navarra. In 1033 the condado was erected into 

 a kingdom, in favour of Fernando, second son of Sancho, by treaty 

 with Bermuda III., king of Leon, whose wife was sister to the 

 wife of Fernando. The kingdom of Castilla thus established was on 

 the death of liermudo in 1037 united to that of Leon, and so con- 

 tinued till 1479, when Fernando II. of Aragon succeeded his father, 

 Juan II., as king of Navarra. Fernando in 1469 had married Isabel, 

 queen of Castillo, and the kingdoms thus united under Fernando and 

 Isabel afterwards, on the death of Isabel in 1504, when Andalucia 

 and the eastern kingdoms had been wrested from the Moors, constituted 

 the present kingdom of Spain. 



Castilla srems to have been so called from the number of forts or 

 castles (castillos) which had been erected for the defence of the 

 territory recovered from the Moors. The northern port of this 

 territory, which woo first recovered, and which is separated from the 

 southern by o mountain range, received the title of Uattttta la Virja 

 (Old Castile), and the southern that of Caitilla iaA'uera (New Castile), 

 and they constituted two of the ancient provinces of the kingdom 

 of Spain. They occupy the largest portion of the great central 

 plateau or table-land of Spain, which has an average elevation of 

 2600 feet above the level of the sea. 



CASTILLA LA NUEVA, an ancient province of Spain, one of the 

 two divisions of the ancient kingdom of Castillo, is bounded N. by 

 Castilla la Vieja, S. by Andalucia and Murcia, W. by Kstremadura, 

 and E. by Aragon and Valencia. It is situated between 88 23' and 

 41 16' N. lat, 1 and 6 25' W. long. Its greatest length from east to 

 west is about 260 miles, from north to south about 195 miles. It 

 comprises the following modern provinces : 



