TI.F.TOX. 



CATA! 



t 



OasUsTMch, the residence of Lord Mount Sandford. It consists ohMv 

 of one principal street, which u wide and straight and tolerably weU 

 built, having the market-house ud bridewell at OM end and % 

 bridge over the river Book at the other. Connectl with the town 

 are extensive distilleries. Quarter Miions for the county of Rot- 

 common an held at fastliwsagh in rotation. There are here a bride- 

 well. a barrack station. and Nation* of the revenue polioe and 

 the constabulary of the district Petty sessions are held in the 

 town. 



CASTLETON. [DERBYSHIRE.] 

 CASTLKTOWN. flu-l or MAX.] 



CA8TLETOWN, or CASTLETOWN-BEREHAVEy, county of 

 Cork, Ireland, a Tillage and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the 

 pariah of KilUoooenagh, and barony of Bare, is picturesquely situ- 

 ated at the head of Berehaven, on the north-wort tide of Bantnr 

 Bay, in 41' 37' N. lat, * 54' W. long. ; distant 87 mile* S. W.-by W. 

 from Rantry. The population in 1851 wu 1931, including 12 in the 

 bridewell and Ml in the Union workhouse. Caitletown Poor-Law 

 Union ooutaiiii 7 electoral divisions, with an area of 78,444 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 18,209. Potty sessions are held at Castletown. 

 There are here a bridewell and a dispensary. Fain are held on 

 January lit, Easter Tueeday, Hay 12th, and September 4th. 



CASTLETOWNDELVIN, county of Heath, Ireland, a small post- 

 town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish 'of Castlo- 

 towndelvin and barony of Delvin, U situated on the road from 

 Dublin to Onward, in 53' 33' N. lat, 7 2' W. long., distent about 

 10 miles E. from CasUepollard : population 348 in 1851, with C 

 inmates of the bridewell. Castlotowudolviu Poor-Law Uuion com- 

 prises 19 electoral divisions, with an area of 74,775 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 15,ti27. The town consists of a single street 

 In it there are an old church, which has been well repaired, a Roman 

 Catholic chapel, the Union workhouse, a dispensary, a bridewell, and 

 a loan-fund office. It is a station of the county constabulary. Petty 

 sessions are held here monthly, and annual fairs on Hay 1st, 

 August 1st, and December 1st The ruins of a castle built by the 

 De Lacys, consisting of the walls in a quadrangular form with 

 towers at the comers, and several other ruined castles, are in the 

 neighbourhood. Clonyn, the seat of the Marquis of Westmeath, is 

 in the vicinity. 



CASTLETOWNROCHB. [CoBK.l 

 CASTLETOWNSEND. [CORK.] 



CASTRES, a town in France, in the department of Tarn, is 

 situated on the river Agout, in 43 37' N. lat, 2 15' E. long., 46 

 miles E. from Toulouse, and has a population of 19,250, including 

 the whole commune. In the middle ages this town was remarkable 

 only for an abbey, the heads of which were temporal lords of the place. 

 It subsequently came into the possession of the counts of Veudurae, 

 and passed from them by marriage to the counts of Armagnac. In 

 1567 Castres was taken and pillaged by the Huguenots, who destroyed 

 the cathedral It became one of the strongholds of the reformed 

 party, but it was reduced to submission in the reign of Louis XIII., 

 and the fortifications demolished. In 1316 Castres was made an 

 episcopal town by Pope John XXII.; the diocese included Upper 

 Languedoc ; it was abolished at the Revolution, and the town is 

 now included, with the rest of the department, in the archdiocese of 

 Alby. 



The south-eastern part of the town called Villegoudou, is joined 

 to Castres properly so called by two stone bridges. The streets are 

 pretty well built, and have been much improved of late years. The 

 Place-Royalo is the principal square. The most important public 

 buildings are the town-house, formerly the episcopal palace, to 

 which is attached the public library and a beautiful garden ; the 

 churches of St-Benott and Notre-Dame; the two hospitals; the 

 cavalry barracks ; the abattoir ; and the theatre. Tribunals of first 

 instance and of commerce are held in the town, which has also a 

 chamber of commerce, a college, two theological seminaries, and a 

 Calvinistic church. Castres is surrounded by beautiful shady prome- 

 nades, called ' Licos, 1 from their occupying the site of the ditch that 

 formerly surrounded the town, and in the Villegoudon quarter an 

 xtonaive esplanade is crossed by five shady alleys of trees. In the 

 neighbourhood of the town there is an immense rocking stone on the 

 top of a hill, at the foot of which is a grotto that was once the 

 retreat of 8t Dominic. 



Castres U a place of great manufacturing industry ; for their care 

 and skill, and the finish given to their productions, its artisans are 

 considered the best in the south of France. It is particularly cele- 

 brated for its fin* wool-dyed cloths, called 'cuirs do laine;' but all 

 other sorts of woollen stuffs are manufactured, as well as linen, soap 

 leather, glue, and paper. There are also several bleaching, dyeing 

 and silk-weaving establishment*, and iron and copper foundries. 

 The commerce of the town U very considerable 



M ** W8 r ' 



m 



CASTRO MAfilNO. [AJWARTK.] 



CASTI!"!' .!.. [ASTCRUS.] 



CAT ISLAND. 



by Aragon. aW. by Valencia, aE. and E. by the Hediterranean 

 _ It is situated between 40' 30' and 48' 60' >'. lat, 0' 12' and 

 3* 80* E. long. The shape is triangular, one aide extending about 

 200 miles along the shore of the Mediterranean, another about 150 

 miles along the frontiers of Valencia and Aragon, and the third about 

 140 miles along the oresU of the Pyrenees. It is governed by a 

 Captain-General, and U divided into the following modern provinces: 



The province of Barcelona comprises the eastern part of Cataluna, 

 Tarragona the southern, Lcrida the western, and Qerona the north- 



CATALUNA (in English generally written Catalonia), an ancicn 

 province of Spain, is bounsM N. by the summit-level of the Pyrenees 



Surface. The northern frontier of Cataluna being formed by the 

 crests of the Pyrenees, the whole of the northern part of the province 

 is occupied by lofty ridges, offsets from the mountain chain. These 

 ridges descend southward from the most elevated summits, such as 

 the Halddeta, the Honcal, and the Canigu. From the last-mentioned 

 summit especially, one groat ridge, or rather series of ridges, extends 

 through the centre of the province, dividing the waters of the Segre 

 and its affluents, which enter the Ebro, from the Llobregat and nume- 

 rous other rivers which flow directly to the Hediterranean. The 

 upper portion of this central ridge has no general name. The lower 

 portion, called the Sierra de Llena, runs parallel to the coast at the 

 distance of about thirty miles, and, with the addition of the Honser- 

 rat, extends from the Ebro to the Llobregat Catalufia is thus for 

 the most part a mass of rocky mountains and precipitous valleys. 

 The only exceptions are the rich plains about Lc'rida, Urge], and 

 Manro^ and the smaller portions of flat laud behind Barcelona, Tar- 

 ragona, and Tortosa, 



given. The Ebro enters Catalufia at Mequinenza, where it receives 

 the Segre united with the Cinca from Aragon. It has a winding course 

 through this province to the sea below Tortosa. [Eeuo.] The Segre 

 rises among the south-western onsets of the Canigu, near Puigcerda, 

 and flowing down the valley of Cerdaiia, receives below Urgel the 

 Valira from the valley of Andorra. [ANDORRA.] It then flows south 

 by west through a long valley, receiving several feeders from the 

 ridges on each side, till the Llobregos enters it below the village of 

 Pons, when it takes a western course till it is joined by the Noguera 

 PalUresa, a large affluent which comes down from the slopes of the 

 Moncal. It then flows south-south-west past Le>ida, and receives 

 the Noguera Ribagorzana, another huge affluent, which descends from 

 the Malcclota, and for more than fifty mile* forms the boundary 

 between Aragon and Catalufia. It soon afterwards takes in the Ciuca, 

 and enters the Ebro. The Llobregat and the Cardeuer both rise on 

 the eastern flanks of the great central series of ridges, and after 

 receiving many small streams unite below Hanresa. After the junc- 

 tion the river retains the name of the Llobregat, and passing through 

 a narrow gorge at the foot of the Monserrat, takes a south-eastern 

 direction, receives the Noya on the south-western side, and enters the 

 sea about five miles south of Barcelona. The Fluvia has a short 

 eastern course, and falls into the gulf of Rosas. The Ter has a long 

 semicircular course from the slopes of the Canigu, and passing by 

 Qerona falls into the sea a short distance south of the Gulf of Rosas. 

 The Besos enters the sea north of Barcelona. South of the Llobregat, 

 the Foy, the Qaya, the Anguera, and the^Francoli, run in deep chan- 

 nels, and hi nearly parallel lines to the coast, the spaces between them 

 being filled up with rocky hills. Between the mouths of the Fran col i 

 and the Ebro no river enters the sea. South of the Ebro the Cenia 

 divides Cataluna from Valencia. 



Climate and Product iom. The climate is variable, and subject to 

 fogs and rain. In summer the heat in the valleys is excessive, but U 

 tempered on the coast by the sea-breezes. In winter the cold on tho 

 mountains is very severe, but mild on tho lower tracts along the mar- 

 gin of the sea. The valleys and plains of Cataluna are fertile, but a 

 urge proportion of the country is rocky and naturally barren. Tho 

 system of irrigation is generally followed. Corn enough for home use 

 is not grown, and there is also a want of cattle ; but a good deal of 

 wine is produced. Other articles of produce are oil, hemp, nuts, 

 almonds, fruits, silk, and barilla. The forests abound with cork-trees, 

 the bark of which is a considerable article of commerce. Cataluna is 

 rich in mineral wealth, coal, copper, lead, cine, manganese, cobalt, 

 nitre, salt, and marble being found. It is the chief manufacturing 

 province of Spain, the principal fabrics being woollens, cottons, silks, 

 laco, leather, paper, iron, brandy, and liqueurs. The coasts abound 

 with fish, and the industry of the Catalans renders the fisheries very 

 productive. Since tho loss of the Spanish American colonies the 

 trade of Cataluna has greatly declined. 



Townt. Barcelona u the capital of tho province of Barcelona, 

 [BARCELONA.] Cardona, 50 miles N.W. from Barcelona, stands on 

 the right bank of the Gardener, clone to a hill nearly 500 feet high, 

 which is a mass of pure crystallised salt The town has n population 



