CAVAN. 



CKLEBE& 



Unbar, in the north-weei part of the comity. was formerly Ute place 

 of tnaugurtiuo for Xaegnin, lord of Fermanagh : the rpot is it ill 

 fagwded with supentltiouB veneration by the peasantry. 



(Skuitlicmt Stinty of Cbraa ; Pynnar, Smrrey ; Thorn, 7nVA 

 jKt.rn.x- ; OnfaMMW Asrwy a*d Ooloyieal tfap.) 



CAVAN, eo'inty of Cvn, In-taml ; the county town, * market and 

 post-town, and UM Mat of a Poor-Law Union, in the pariah of Urncy 

 and barony ..f t>p r Ixraghte*, U situated in 88" 58' N. 1st, 7* 18' 

 W. long., and 70 milra N.W. from Dublin. The population in 1851 

 waa 3844, beaidea 1*J6 in the Union workhouiw and other public 

 institution*. Cavsn Poor-Law Union comprises SS Hn-tor.il .1 

 with an area of 160,662 acre*, anil a population in 1851 of 67,005. 



Caran i> situated in a rich and well cultivated rale adjoining the 

 extensive demense of Fsrnhnm. The principal public building* are 

 grouped together on the western out-akirt of the town. They co 

 of the c 



They consist 



county jail and court house, both spacious and handsome 

 buildings, the brrracks, and a remarkably fine pariah church. A 

 public pleasure-ground, bequeathed by the late Lady Farnbam for 

 the recreation of the inhabitant*, forms a pleasing feature in con- 

 nection with thi pait of the town. The bourne of the main street 

 occupying the line of road from Dublin to Enniskillen are old and 

 irmnilar, and the suburbs consist for the most part of wretched 

 cabin*. The Roman Catholic chapel is a large commodious building. 

 There are also Presbyterian and Methodist meetinghouses; a fever 

 hospital, and an infirmary. The Royal Kndowed school, founded in 

 the reign of Chirles I., has a variable income arising from the rent of 

 800 acres of land ; the number of scholars in 1851 was 26. Five 

 exhibitions or Quern's scholarships, of 25f. a year each, have been 

 attached to this school by the Board of Education. The neighbour- 

 hood is rich and closely cultivated ; but the farms are very small, and 

 much land is wasted by injudicious inclosures. Petty and quarter 

 sessions are held in the town, and there are six fain in the course of 

 the year. A weekly market is held on Tuesday : a considerable retail 

 trade is carried on in the town. 

 (Fraser, Handbook of Inland ; Ordnance Surrey Slap.) 



CAVKRY. [HlXDCBTAK.] 



CAWNPO'OR, a district in the province of Allahabad, lies between 

 26* and 27* N. lat., 79 and 81* E. long. ; bounded N. by the 

 Etawrh dintrict, W. and S. by the Jumna, and E. by the Ganges. 

 The soil of about two-thirds of the district yields maize, barley, and 

 wheat, turnips, cabbages, and other European garden vegetables, with 

 grapes, peaches, and several other fruits which have been introduced 

 by European residents ; the sugar-cane also grows luxuriantly. Irri- 

 gation is much practised. 



From a statistical report recently made concerning this district, it 

 appear* that the number of townships it contains is 2279 ; its area 

 is 1,480.101 acres, of which 781,173 are cultivated, 168,563 fit for 

 cultivation, free-land 44,015, and 499,350 acres are wholly unpro- 

 ductive. The government assessment amounted to 2,046,197 rupees, 

 or about 2| rupees per acre on the cultivated portion of the land. 



Caxmpoor, the capital of the district, situated on the right bnnk of 

 the Ganges, in 26 30' N. lat, and 80* 18' E. long., is one of the largest 

 military stations in India. The old town stands a short distance 

 north-west of the modern buildings, and higher up the Ganges. The 

 principal street is composed of well-built brick houses two or three 

 stories high, with balconies in front ; the other parts of the town con- 

 sist of mean house* built in a straggling manner. There am many 

 handsome shops in the principal street containing generally on abun- 

 dant supply of European goods, which are sold at moderate prices. 

 Along the banks of the Ganges are many detached houses, or bunga- 

 lows, the residences of the officers stationed at Cawnpoor. 



The other principal towns are Rttoulalad, in 26" 40' N. lat, and 

 79* 40* E. long., about 80 mile* S.S.W. from Kanojo : Javjemute, in 

 2* S' N. lat, and 80 16' E. long , 8 miles 8.S.E. from the town 

 of Cawnpoor : and Albarport, in 26" 23' N. lt, and 79 52' E. long., 

 25 miles WXW. from Cawnpoor. 



CAWOOD. [YORKSHIRE/] 



CAXTON, Cambridgeshire, a decayed market-town in the parish of 

 the same name and hundred of Long Stow, and conjointly with 

 ArrinRton the seat of a Poor Law Union, is situated in 52 12' N. lat, 

 5' W. long., distant 10 miles W. from Cambridge, and 50 miles N. 

 from London by road. The population of the parish of Caxton, 

 inclusive of 180 persons in Caxton and Arlington workhouse, was 630 

 in 1851. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 Ely. Caxtnn and Amngton Poor-Law Union contains 26 parishes 

 and town.hijw, with an ana of 48,858 acres, and a population in 1861 

 of 1 1 ,058. 



The church, dedicated to St. Andrew, consists of a nave and north 

 aide, of the late perpendicular, and a chancel of the early English 

 stjrU, with a tower at the west end, embattled and surmounted with 

 pinnacle*. There is a chapel for Baptist*. The inhabitants are chiefly 

 employed in agriculture. A market wa* granted to the town in 1247 

 but it was discontinued about the middle of last ecaturv A amaJ 

 fair is held in October. 



r \YKNNE. [II.VAKA.] 



CAYMAN. [JAMAH*.] 



CAYSTI'l:, ICIVKU. [AXATOLU.1 



CELATfO, the ancient Putin**, a lake in the Abruzxo in Italy. It 



I* remarkable u being almost exactly in the centre of the Italian 

 peninsula and the only lake of any considerable extent in the Central 

 Apennines. The lake is nearly oval in shape, about 20 miles round, 

 2176 feet above the level of the sea, and situated in a basin without 

 visible outlet and screened on all sides by mountains. To the north 

 rise* Monte Velino with it* double peak to the height of 8180 feet 

 To the east and west are limestone ridges steep and rocky, and of much 

 inferior elevation. On the north-west a moderate acclivity separate* 

 the lake from the valley of the Salto, an affluent of the Tiber. The- 

 lake it appears was traversed in ancient times by a river culled Pitonins, 

 which must be the Oiovenco, the only perennial stream of any magni- 

 tude that now enter* the lake : and it* surplus waters were carried 

 off by subterranean channels, the opening of one of which is still 

 visible and called La Pedogna, a name clearly derived from Pitonius. 

 The outlet* however being insufficient the lake frequently overflowed 

 the low grounds along its banks. To obviate the evil Julius Cnar 

 designed to cut a tunnel from the lake into the valley of the Liris ; 

 his plan however was not carried into effect till the reign of Claudius, 

 who celebrated the opening of the tunnel with great magnificence. 

 In the middle ages the tunnel became obstructed by the falling in of 

 stones and earth, and many attempts have been made since the year 

 1240 to render it efficient in preventing inundations of the lake, but 

 without success. Between 1745 and 1830 the encroachments of the 

 lake had swallowed up 10,000 acres of the bout land in the Abruzzo. 

 Important repairs however were made at the expense of the king of 

 the Two Sicilies tinder the direction of Signor de Rivera (who 

 examined the tunnel in detail and described it in 1825), and the 

 ancient tunnel was so far rendered available as to carry off a constant 

 though not a large stream of water into the Liris, or Garigliano. The 

 area covered by the lake according to a Ute official survey is 86,315 

 acres. A company was formed at Naples in September 1852 to effect 

 the complete drainage of the lake. 



Considered as a remnant of antiquity, the tunnel of Claudius is an 

 exceedingly interesting object At the opening of it near the lake, the 

 tunnel is about 30 feet high and 28 feet broad ; but it contracts con- 

 siderably as it advances through the mountain. Itn whole length is 

 three miles. It ia in part cut through the solid limestone of Monte 

 Salviano, and in part through a chalky earth that has little tenacity. 

 Wherever the latter substance occurs the tunnel is supported by 

 masonry of admirable workmanship. To admit light and air the 

 Romans sunk shafts from above. The entrance to this tunnel is about 

 a mile and a half to the south of the town of Avezzano on the 

 north-west shore of the lake. [ABRUZZO.] 



CELBRIDQK, county of Kildare, Ireland, a small town, and the 

 seat of a Poor-Law Union, partly in the parish of Kildrought and 

 barony of Salt North, and partly in the parish of Donaghcumper and 

 barony of Salt South, is situated in the midst of a highly improved 

 country on the river Liffey, 11 miles W. from Dublin, by the Great 

 Southern and Western railway, from the Hazelhatch station of which 

 it is one mile distant The population in 1851 was 1674. Cclbridge 

 Poor- Law Union comprises 15 electoral divisions, with an area of 

 86,839 acres, and a population in 1851 of 22,543. The river Liffey 

 flows for several miles in the neighbourhood of Celbridge through 

 demesne lands of great beauty. A handsome stone bridge crosses 

 the Liffey at Celbridge. The town contains some good houses, and 

 presents rather a neat appearance. Petty sessions are held, and there 

 are a savings bank, and a fever hospital Fairs are held on the last 

 Tuesday in April, September 8th, and November 7th. In the town 

 is a large woollen factory, erected in 1805, but not recently at work. 



KBES, a large island of singular shape in the eastern seas, 

 lying between 2' N. lat and 6 S. lat, 119* and 125 E. long. The 

 extreme length of the island from north to south is nearly 500 miles. 

 The coast on the south and east is so deeply indented by three bays 

 aa to give to the whole island the appearance of four large limb* or 

 peninsulas united together. The central and widest part of the island 

 lies between Tolo Bay on the east and Macassar Strait on the west, and 

 measures about 130 miles. Toiiiini or Uurong-talu Gulf, the most 

 northern of the three, separates the peninsulas that project eastward. 

 The other two peninsulas take a southern direction, and are separated 

 by Sowa or Boni Gulf. The area of Celebes is about 70,000 square 

 miles, and the population is estimated at between 2,000,000 and 

 8,000,000. 



This island is separated from Borneo by the Strait of .Varaaar. 

 This strait, which is 300 miles long from north to south, is about 1 20 

 miles broad, except at its northern termination, where it U contracted 

 to half that breadth by Kaniungau Point on the eastern coast of 

 Borneo. The gulf, which is formed by the northern peninsula of 

 Celebes, by the north-eastern coast of Borneo, by the Sooloo Archi- 

 pelago, and the island of Mindanao, is called the Sea of Celeba. 



The island is divided into several small states, many of which are 

 actually or virtually subject to the Dutch ; but some of them, a* 

 Miiudhur on the western coast and Boni to the east of it, and near 

 the centre of the island, maintain a show of in<le[>endencc. The 

 unlive sovereignties are alt subdivided under numerous feudatory 

 chiefs. The Dutch have exercised sovereignty over the island since 

 1660 when they drove out the Portuguese. Their principal settle- 

 ment* in Celebes are in the north Mcuado, which comprises the 

 northern peninsula: population in 1849, 183,000. In the, south 



