< KRDAONK, FIIANCAI8B. 



( I.VI.N Ni: - 



I'KKIiAGNK, ! -K. a district ceded by Spain to France, 



in 1060, in virtue of the treaty of the Pyrenees It wu included in 

 Rouallun mud now forma the arrondisawineat of Pradea, and jwrt of 

 the arrondiseement of Oral in the department ,.f Pyrrnces-Orietitalc-s. 

 It U mountainous country, and oonUiiu abundant upland pastures. 

 Ju capital wu Mout-Louin 



I'KltKT. 



CEKIOO. 



UII.I.V. [AMIML] 



M AtlKAS, Donetshirc, a market town and the ml of n 

 : :iw fiiioi,. in thr parish of Cerne Abbu, in the combined hun- 

 dred of feme. Fotcombe, and Motbury, and in the Bridport division 

 of the county, in situated on the little river Cerne, a feeder of the 

 Froroe, in 60' 48' N. lat, 2' 48' W. lone., ditant 74 miles N. by 

 W. from Dorchester, and 127 mile* W.S.W. from London by road. 

 Dorchester u 141 miles from London by railway via Southampton. 

 The population of the parUh of Cerne Abba* in 1851 wu 1843. The 

 living u a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Dorset and diocese of 

 Salisbury. Oroe Poor- Law Union contains 20 pariahea and townships, 

 with an area of 43,237 acre*, and a population in 1851 of 7777. 



Cerne Abbu formerly possessed a Benedictine abbey of great, 

 antiquity; the abbey was rebuilt and endowed in the 10th century. 

 The only remains are a stately square embattled tower, or gate-house, 

 which is in a dilapidated condition. Of two stone bridges which cross 

 the river Cerne here, one, of ancient construction, was formerly an 

 appendage of the abbey. The parish church is a fine building ill the 

 perpendicular style, with a tower which has octagonal turrets and 

 pinnacles. There are places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists 

 and Independents, and National and British schools. 



Ceme Abbas is pleasantly situated in a vale, surrounded by steep 

 chalk hills. The town U of small extent. The property being for 

 the most part let out on live*, old houses are being replaced by new 

 ones as the leases full'n. There is little trade in the place. Tunning, 

 glove making, malting, and brewing afford employment to some of 

 the inhabitants. The market is on Wednesday for corn and provi- 

 sions; there are three annual fairs. About 15 acres of laud have 

 been hud out in allotment gardens for the poor, which have proved of 

 considerable benefit. 



On the southern slope of Trendle Hill, a little to the north-west of 

 the town, is a colossal figure of a man bearing a club, carved in the 

 chalk. The figure is about 180 ft-t in height ; the outlines are about 

 two feet broad. On the same hill are the site of an ancient fortitk-it inn 

 and a barrow ; and several barrows are on other hills. 



(Hutchins, J/itlory of Itortelthire ; Communication from Cerne 

 Albai) 



I'K'l'TK, a flourishing sea-port town in the department of Heruult, 

 in France, U built on the slope and at the foot of a hill (the ancient 

 Mont Setita, about 600 feet high), on a tongue of land between tho 

 bore lnkc of Thau and the Mediterranean, which are united by a 

 canal that runs through the town and terminates in the harbour. It 

 stands in 43 24' N. lat, 3 42' E. long., at a distance of 422 miles 

 8. from Paris, and has a population of about 18,000. The town owes 

 ite*rise to the mule, which was commenced in 1666, and which, 

 extending 066 yards into the sea, shelters the harbour from the south 

 and south-east winds. At its extremity on the left of the entrance to 

 the harbour is fort St.-Louis, which is surmounted by a lighthouse 

 with a fixed light 82 feet high. The other side of the harbour is 

 formed by a pier ; and to prevent the accumulation of sand a break- 

 water has been court rut. ted in front of tho entrance of the harbour. 

 Fort St-Pierre on the extremity of the pier and a citadel erected 

 on the op)"witc cliffs complete the defences of the harbour. The 

 pace inclosed is about 30 acres, in which there is a depth of about lit 

 feet of water. A broad deep canal, liued with handsome quays and 

 warehouses, connects the harbour with the shore-lake of Thau ; and a 

 new dock, 17 acres in extent, with quays above a thousand yards in 

 length, wu commenced in 1850. This baain is also connected with 

 the harbour by a canal. 



The town, which i entered by a causeway raised above the shore-lake 

 of Thau, and by a bridge of 52 arches, is well-built, has tribunals of 

 first instance and of cmnmvrco, a college, a public library, marine 

 baths, a customs entrepot ship-building yards, and large salt works, 

 mis is the most remarkable building. The 



important-' owing to its being an <>utl,-t in the centre of 



the great wine districts of the south of France, and to its communica- 

 tion with Bordeaux by the Canal du Mi<li (which enters the shore-lake 

 of Thau at Agile, awl may be said to enter the Mediterranean through 

 the harbour of Vtu-t, with Lyon by the Canal des Etangs, the Canal 

 de Ucancairc, and the Ithdne. Its railway communications already 

 reach to Mme, Marseille, and Avignon, and will soon be completed 

 to Paris and Bordeaux. The foreign commerce and the coasting-trade 

 of Cette are important and active ; and there is besides an extensive 

 traffic with the interior. The town bu ship-building yards, and is 

 largely engaged in tho cod, anchovy, and oyster fisheries. The im- 

 ports consist of wo.l, raw cotton, corn, oil, cork, colonial produce, 

 In in)', timber, pitch, tar, iron, tallow, fish-oil, and Bruicarlo wines 

 from Spain to mix with French wine for the English and other 

 markets. The manufactured articles are verdigris, green soap, brandy, 

 sugar. r*rfunirn, corks, liqueurs, glass, confectionary, great numbers 



of wine cults, Ac. The exporU consist of these articles, and of wine to 

 the amount of about 40,000 tons annually, salt which is made in large 

 quantities in vast salterns near the town, brandy (about 5000 tons), 

 besides almonds, dried fruits dye stuffs, and flour. Steamers ply 

 regularly to Maiseill- and the Languedoo Canal. In 1852 the total 

 number of vessels that entered and left the harbour of Cette amounted 

 to 3003, with an aggregate burden of 367,487 Ums. Foreign consuls 

 reside at Cette. The Duchess de Bern lauded at Cetto on her way to 

 La Vendee in 1831 



(Dtetiaimairt de la /'ranee ; Macgregor, Slatutict ; (ifHrial Papert.) 



CKUTA, or SKBTA, a town and fortret* belonging to the Spaniards, 

 is situated on the north count of the kingdom of Fez in the empire of 

 Marocco, and at the eastern entrance of the .Strait of Gibraltar, where 

 a small peninsula about 3 miles in length juts out in a north-north- 

 east direction exactly opp<ite Gibraltar. The peninsula is joined to 

 the mainland of Africa by a narrow isthmus on which the town in 

 built, and is well fortified on the land side against any attacks of tho 

 Moors. To the north-east of the town the peninsula spreads out in a 

 rounded shape, and is almost entirely occupied by a mountain called 

 EI-Mina and also Monte del Hacho, a spur of the range of mountains 

 (Jebel Zatout, anciently Septem Fratrus) that runs parallel to tho 

 coast, and may be considered u the north-western eud of the Lesser 

 Atlas. The Monte del Hacho rises precipitously from the sea ; it is 

 the ancient Abyta, which with the opposite rock of Colpe (Gibraltar) 

 formed the celebrated Pillars of Hercules. On the highest part of 

 Abyla stands the citadel of Ceuta. Provisions for the inhabitants and 

 the gxrrison are chiefly brought from Spain, for little peaceable com- 

 munication is kept up between the inhabitants and the Moors. Ceuta 

 has a small and not safe harbour, and 9200 inhabitants, exclusive of the 

 garrison, which generally numbers 5000 men. The town is well built, 

 very clean, and well paved. The chief objects in the town besides the 

 fortifications are the cathedral, several convents, an hospital, and a 

 convict establishment Ceuta gives title to a bishop who U suffragan 

 of the Archbishop of Sevilla. It is the seat of a royal court of justice, 

 and the chief of the Spanish presidios, or convict establishments, on 

 the African coast The military commander is also political governor 

 of the place, and has under him the other presidios on the coast of 

 Marocco, namely, Penon de Velez, Alhucema, and Melilla, the latter 

 of which is about 150 miles east of Ceuta towards the frontiers of 

 Algiers. The total area of the territory of these presidios is 32 square 

 miles, and their population not including soldiers in 1840 was 11,481. 



Ceuta, or Septa, was a town of Mauritania Tingitana under the 

 Romans. John I., king of Portugal, took it from the Moors in 1415. 

 It came under the dominion of Spain in 1580, when Philip II. con- 

 quered Portugal. The Portuguese afterwards formally ceded it to 

 Spain by the peace of Lisbon ia 1668. In 1600 the Moors besieged it 

 unsuccessfully. The Moute del Hacho is in 35* 54' K. lat., 5 16' 

 W. long. 



CEVKNN'ES, a chain of mountains in the south of France, forms 

 the watershed between the Lower Sadne and the Uh6ne on the cast 

 and the Loire and the Garonne on the west ; and extends from the 

 Canal du Centre, a few miles north-west of Chulon, to the Canal du 

 Midi, or Longuodoc Canal These dimensions, which are those of a 

 writer in the ' Dictionnairo de la France,' give the chain a length of 

 about 280 miles much more than is commonly assigned to it, for 

 generally the Cevennes ore supposed to terminate northward to the 

 west of Lyon. Geographically considered however the range has the 

 length here given. The valley of the Dheuue, which is traversed by 

 the Canal du Centre, divides the Cevennes from the Cdte-d'Or hills, 

 which are connected by the plateau of Langres with the Vosges ; and 

 in the south the Canal du Mi 11 u..irka the depression that divides the 

 region of the Ceveuuus from that of the Pyrenees. On the eastern 

 side these mountains slope down rapidly to the valley of the Rhm-. 

 into which they send out numerous short offsets ; on the west they 

 subside gradually into the plains of the west and south-west of France, 

 except at ouc point (near 44 30' N. lat, 4 E. long.), where they are 

 joined to the Auvergnc Mountains by the Margeride chain, which 

 forms part of the watershed between the Allier and the Lot. 



The general direction of the chain is from north-north-east to south- 

 south west Immediately east of Casteluaudary, near the Canal du 

 Midi in the department of Aude, the Lower Ceveuues Mountains com- 

 mence under the name of Montague Noire, and run north eo*t through 

 the departmentsof Ht-mult and Gord, sending forth minn THUS offshoote 

 into those of Tarn and Aveyron, and dividing the basin of the Tarn 

 from that of the Heruult. On leaving Ganl the chain increases in 

 height, and ruuniug north-catt by north enters the <K>|iartiueut of 

 Lozere, where one of its summits, Mont-Lozire, attains the height of 

 4890 feet. From this )K>iut the Margeride ridge springs off towards 

 the north-west, anil unites the Upper Ccvuunrs with the mountains 

 of Auvergnc. The Margeride Mountains attain the height of 4987 

 feet and send out amongst other branches those of Levezou and 

 Aubrac, which extend into AVI -. ... < < ntinuing in the same direction, 

 the Covennes cover nearly the whole of the dc|Mirtuieiit of Ardfano ; 

 from tho Kouth-west of which a ridge runs northward through the 

 departiiK'iit ( II iciU-Loiro, and divides tho basin of the Allier from 

 that of the Loin-. In thr d| aiini'i.t of Anleche the CeVennes 

 Mountains reach their culminating |*.mt in Mont-Mrzcu, which bu 

 KII i-levstion of r>.1i:i f,- 1. [Ai.iiiait..| Leaving Ardechc. the chain 



