411 



CHABLia 



CHALCIR 



ill 



Inland among the Alp*. 



of the same 



U the 



eentary by visitors from Geneva. 



villa*, of Jktxmdmrt, with 1400 inhabitant*, in the valley 

 MOM, BO oalled from the richness of ita pasture*. On the ooeat of the 

 lake toward* the borden of Valaia, wu a town called Taun-tunum, 

 which waa destroyed by the fall of a mountain A.D. 68. The rooks 

 at Meillerie, col. bratod by Rousseau, and bla*Ud by Napoleon to form 

 UM aimplon road, which i* ban carried partly through them in a 

 terrace between SO and 40 feel above the lake, are in this neighbour- 

 hood. OppoaiU Meillerie the lake of Geneva attain* iU greatwt 

 depth. 980 feet. At the Tillage of St-Gingough a deep ravine divide* 

 Satoy from the Valaia. The higlieat summit* in the ChablaU are 

 the Drat d'Oche, on the borden of the Valaia, 7000 feet above the 

 ea; the Col de Jouxplan*, which riea between the ChablaU and 

 Fanoignv. abore UM valley of the OinYe, a feeder of the Arve, and is 

 boot 100 feet higher than the Dent d'Oche ; and the Roc d'Knfer, 

 which rise* above the valley of the Dranae, near the centre of the 

 province, and U about the name height aa the Utter. 



ULia [YonxE.1 



m.KONEl'A, an old city of Bcootia, itutd at the bead of a 

 mall plain on the border* of Phocis, near the paaa which led to 

 Delphi by Panopeui and Parnaaaui (Thuoyd. iv. 72 ; Pauaan. x. 4). 

 The name of this place doei not appear in Homer's catalogue ; Pauso- 

 niaa however conjecture* (ix 40, 8) that it ia a later name for Arnc<, 

 which itood on the aame ground. It is principally celebrated for 

 two battle* fought here; one in which Philip of Maoedon (Aug. 7, 

 B.C. 838) signally defeated the united forces of Athens and Thebes ; 

 the other between Sulla and Mithridates (B.C. 86), in which the 

 Romans gained a decisive victory. The Thebans slain in the former 

 battle of Cheroneia we learn from Pausanias (ix. 40) were buried 

 under a mound surmounted by a lion. The mound still exist* about 

 a mile from the village of Kapurua, which now occupies the site of 

 Cheroneia ; a few years ago it waa examined, and a colossal lion 

 sculptured in the best style of Grecian art, waa found in detached 

 fragment* about the sides and interior of the excavation. " Thin 

 lion," say* Colonel Mure, in his 'Tour in Greece,' "may upon the 

 whole be pronounced the most interesting sepulchral monument of 

 Greece." During the Peloponnesian war C'htcroncia was tributary to 

 Orehomenns (Thucyd. iv. 76) ; but in later times it was one of the 

 confederate Boeotian towns (Hanson, ix. 3, 4). Its situation was the 

 cause of much good and evil to it ; on the one hand its neighbour- 

 hood to the past exposed it occasionally to plunder (Thucyd. i. 118) ; 

 while on the other hand, aa the main road from Rome to Athens 

 passed through it, many of the advantages of the carrying-trade 

 accrued to it Pausanias tells us (ix. 41) that its inhabitants derived 

 a great profit from the cultivation of the olive, and the manufacture 

 of perfumes from flowers. There are some ruins of the citadel which 

 stood on a high projecting rock (called Petrachus or Petrochus) above 

 the town ; there are also some remains of a theatre and other 

 building*. Chasroneia was the birthplace of Plutarch. 



CHAGRES is a river in the republic of New Granada in South 

 America. It traverses in a longitudinal valley a considerable portion 

 of the Isthmus of Panama, rising in about 9" 10' N. lat., 79 10' W. 

 long., among the high mountains which approach the Bay of Mandinga. 

 Ita upper course is westward : nearly opposite the town of Puerto 

 Bello it receives the Pequeni, which comes from the south-west, and 

 is as large and broad as itself. After this junction the river is con- 

 siderable, and may be navigated by canoes; but the navigation U 

 dangerous owing to the number of rapids, in some of which the 

 stream runs with extraordinary velocity. This rapidity gradually 

 diminishes, and at Cruces, a small town situated 23 miles direct dis- 

 tance from the sea, and 44 by the river, it seldom exceeds 3 or 3J 

 miles per hour, even in the rainy season. Here the river becomes 

 navigable for large river barges. It afterwards gradually declines to 

 the north, sennibly diminishing in rapidity, and enters the Caribbean 

 Sea at Chagre* a small sea-port near * 18' N. lat, 80" W. long. 

 The whole ooiirse of the river hardly exceeds 80 or 90 miles. 



This small river was until lately of considerable importance, on 

 account of it* facilitating the commercial intercourse between Europe 

 and the countries on the Pacific Ocean. Goods were brought on mule- 

 back from Panama to Cruces, where they were embarked in river- 

 barges of considerable burden, and carried to the town of Chagres. 

 This town is a miserable collection of huts, and is very unhealthily 

 situated. The port is a little sandy bay, with a ledge of rocks across 

 Hi entrance, which has not more than 1G feet of water in the deepest 

 plaera, and in many part* the rocks rise to the surface. On the dis- 

 covery of gold in California the wretched port of Chagres and ita 

 dangerous and unhealthy river rose for a while to great importance, a* 

 tiiey lay on the readiest route from the eastern seaboard of America to 

 UM fold fields of California. Vast numbers landed from steamers and 

 sailing Trtsels at Cbagrea, seconded the river as far aa they could in 

 boeta, and clambered ovsr the mountainous road across the I.thmu* to 

 Panama, whence other vessel* conveyed them to the much-longed-for 

 ' digging*.' The exhaustion wealth of ( 'alif.iniia still attracted more 

 and more adventurer* along the route, and it wa* soon resolved to 

 lay down a railway act-on* the Isthmus of 1'anama. This project is 

 now (Feb. 1664) rapidly approaching completion ; the railway is open 

 for more than half ita length, and Chafrea river and town are now 

 The latter i* supplanted by the new city of Aspinwall, 



which has been founded at Navy Bay, as the Atlantic termination of 

 the railroad. (OBAVADA, Nw; NAVY BAT.) 



< HAII.I Y. MIMMX, a small town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union in the parioh of Chailey, hundred of Street, and rape of Lewes, 

 i* situated In 60" 67' N. lat, b" 1' W. long. ; distant HJ miles N. from 

 Lewea, 47 miles E. by N. from Chicbester, and 43 miles S. by K. 

 from London by road. Cook's Bridge station of the Brighton and 

 South Coast railway, $1 miles from Chailey, is 47 mile* from London. 

 The population of the pariah in 1851 was 1268, The living is a 

 rectory in the archdeaconry of Lewes and diocese of Chichester. 

 Chailey Poor-Law Union contains 11 parishes and townships, with aa 

 area of 87,040 acres, and a population in 1851 of 8064. 



The town of Chailey occupies a pleasant site about the centre of 

 the pariah, on the road from Lewes to London. A good deal of 

 timber is grown in the neighbourhood. The soil is generally pro- 

 ductive. The parish church, dedicated to St. Peter, is a small 

 building with a shingled spire, in which is a peal of six bells. There 

 i* a National school. 



CHAILLOT, formerly a village in the immediate vicinity of Paris, 

 from the main part of which it U separated by the Cbampa-Elyaee* : 

 it was constituted a suburb of Paris by Louis XIV. in 1660 under the 

 name of the Faubourg de la Conference, It was inclosed within the 

 wall erected in 1786-8, and now resemble* a little city within a 

 city, but still preserves a rural and suburban character, with it* trees, 

 gardens, and fine views. Chaillot is built on an eminence on the right 

 bank of the Seine, and presents, when viewed from that river, a 

 pleasant appearance. The salubrity of the air and the agreeablenas* 

 of the prospects have led to the erection of many country houses in it : 

 the gardens of some of these slope down to the river. It had formerly 

 several religious houses, the uio.ft famous of which were the monas- 

 tery of the Minims and the convent of the Visitation, founded in 1661 

 by Marie of France, the widow of Charles I. of England. On the site 

 of the convent Napoleon I. commenced the erection of a palace for 

 the King of Rome. The Duchess d'Abrantes, widow of Marshal 

 Junot, died in a Maison de Santo 1 in Chaillot in Juno 1838. The 

 celebrated carpet manufactory, called the Savonnerie, is in Chaillot. 



( HALABRE. [AuDB.] 



I'HALAMONT. [Aix.j 



CHALCE'DON, properly CALCHE'DON, a town of Bithynia in 

 Asia Minor, was situated on the coast of the Propontis, near the 

 southern entrance of the Bosporus, and nearly opposite Byzantium. 

 It was built by a colony from Megara, B.C. 675. The earliest history 

 of Chalcedon U connected with that of the neighbouring Megarian 

 colonies. Its territory extended along the Asiatic side of the Bos- 

 porus. It was taken by the Persians under Otanes after the Scythian 

 expedition of Darius, retaken by the Athenians, then recovered it* 

 independence, and entered iuto a confederation with llyzautium and 

 other neighbouring cities. It was afterward* subject to the kings of 

 Bithynia. The city came into the possession of the Romans with 

 the rest of Bithynia under the will of Nicomedes, B.C. 74 ; under the 

 empire it wag a free city. The Chalcedouiana having embraced the 

 part of the pretender Procopius, Valens, after his victory over the 

 latter, ordered the walls of their town to be razed. Chalcedon was 

 taken by Chosroes the Persian, A.D. 616. The final destruction of the 

 city is owing to the Turks, who got materials for the mosques and 

 other buildings of Constantinople from Chalcedon. 



In Christian history Chalcedon is known for its council held A.D. 

 451, which was attended by 630 bishops from both the east and the 

 west. It was the fourth ci'cunienic or general council of the church, 

 those of Niceea, Constantinople, and Epheaus having preceded it, and 

 was convoked by the emperor Maroiauus. The council condemned the 

 heresy of Eutyohes on the nature of Jesus Chriat. By the 28th canon 

 of the same .council, the see of Constantinople was declared to be 

 equal in dignity, though next in place to that of Rome, and full 

 jurixdiution was given to it over thu churches of Thrace, Asia, Pontns, 

 and other eastern provinces. Chalcedon is now a poor village, two 

 or three miles south of Scutari, which occupies the site of the ancient 

 Chryso polis. 



CHALCIS, the capitsl of the Island of Eutxaa, is situated at the 

 narrowest part of the Kuripus a strait which separates the island 

 from Bceotia, and is her* only 40 yards across. A rock surmounted by 

 a square castle, partly of Venetian partly of Turkish erection, divide* 

 the Euripua into two channels, and is connected with the Boeotian 

 coast by a stone bridge about 70 feet long, and with the island by a 

 wooden bridge about 35 feet in length, which i* capable of being 

 raised at each end to admit the passage of vessels. The western 

 channel has a depth of only about 3 feet of water; the eastern one U 

 ,il...nt 7 or 8 feet deep, and has been remarkable in all ages for it* 

 irregular tide*. [EcaotA.] At it* eastern end the wooden bridge 

 inicate* by a gate (over which is still seen the lion of St Mark), 

 with the large kastro, or citadel, of Chalcis, which i built on a high 

 promontory. The bastions of the kastro are of Venetian conxtru 

 the rest of the outer walls were built by the Turks, who have left 

 here an enormous piece of ordnance similar to those of the Dardanelles 

 for the defence of the strait On thn land side the kastro is sur- 

 rounded by a glacis which formed the Turkish cemetery, and round 

 thin the town extends in the form of a crmccnt, each horn of which 

 touches the Euripus. The town is inclosed on the land side by tur- 



