CHARTREUSE. 



choir, and the circuit of UM church may b made bj a gallery faund 

 in UM walls abore Uw great window* of UM nave and ohoir. Under 

 Uw cathedral u ubt-rraneau church, the deaeeot to which i. by 61. 

 diflennt staircase*. The cathedral wu covered with m*Ul roof in 

 1841. Uw old roof having been destroyed by 6 re in 1834. 



Other remarkable building, are UM church of St-Pen and that 

 of St-Andrtf, which wai not long ago used ai a storehouse; the 

 bamdn ; the public library, which contain* 40,000 volume* ; the 

 general hospital ; and the residence of the prefect The town give* 

 title to a bishop ; ud ha* a fine botanical garden. 



Otartres ha* the but regulated corn-market in France. The mea- 

 suring and tiling UM grain, and receiving payment for it, i* managed 

 by corporation of women, who in an hour, at meet, effect all the 

 transaction* of UM market, often comprising the sale of 6000 quintal* 

 of wheat, beside* what i. old by .ample and delivered at the store* 

 The town ha* al*o an important market for wool. Some woollen goods 

 and hoeiery an manufactured ; a good quantity of leather U made, 

 and there are Mveral dye-houses. The railway from Pan* to Brest 

 pssses through Chartre*. 



(!*<*to**a*rt<U la Fnutct; Balbi, Otograflkie ; Attntutire pour t An 

 1863.) 



CHARTREUSE. [1st BE.] 



CHATKAU-CHINON. [NlETBJS.] 



CHATEAU-D'OLERON. (VHAHEXTE-lNfBRiKURE.] 



CHATEAU-OONTIER. [MATEJISE.] 



CHATEAU-PONSAT. [VIESSE, HAOTE.] 



CHATEAU-KENAKD. [BoccnEs-DU-RB6Mt] 



CHATEAU-THIERRY. [Amu*.] 



CHATEAUBRIAND. [LoiBE-IsrfeBiEDBE.] 



CHATEAUDUN. [EuRB-rr-LoiB.] 



CHATEAULIN. [FINISTEBI] 



CHATEAUROUX, capital of the department of Imlre, in France, 

 itands in 46" 48' 50' N. lat, 1 41' 61* E. long., on a rising ground in 

 a vast plain near the left bank of the Indre, 165 milea 8. from 

 Paris by railway through Orleans and Vierzon, and has 14,276 inha- 

 bitants, including the whole commune. The town, which was 

 formerly ill built and dirty, has been within the last twenty years 

 greatly improved. The streets are now straight, wide, and well 

 paved ; and there are several spacious square*. The principal build- 

 ings an the old castle (built in 950 by a Frank chief, Raoul le Large), 

 which gave origin and name to the town, and part of which now serves 

 for government offices, the town-house, the theatre, the church of the 

 Cordeliers, and the residence of the prefect, which adjoins the old 

 isjstli Chateavoux is one of the principal seats of cloth manufacture 

 in the centre of France ; it* cloths are manufactured from excellent 

 wool, bat are soon remarkable for itrength than for fineness. Cotton 

 hosiery, worsted, tiles, paper, and leather are also manufactured ; and 

 there is a good trade in com, iron, wool, cattle, sheep, &c. The town 

 has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a college, and a 

 consultative chamber of manufactures. (Dictionnaire dc la france ; 

 MaarreROr, Statutia ; Annwtirc pour t An 1853.) 



CHATELLERAULT. [VIENJIB.] 



CHATHAM, Kent, a market-town and parliamentary borough, in 

 the hundred of Chatham and Oillingham and lathe of Aylesford, 

 stands on the right bank of the river Medway, in 51 23 N. lat, 

 SI' E. long., 24 mile* W.N.W. from Canterbury, 30 milea K.S.I-:. 

 from London by road. The Strood station of the North Kent railway, 

 which i* two miles from Chatham, is 31 miles from London. In 1851 

 the population of the parliamentary borough of Chatham was 28,424. 

 The borough returns one member to the Imperial Parliament; it is 

 governed by a head constable under the magistrates of Rochester. 

 The living of Chatham is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and 

 sttoceae of Rochester. 



The town of Chatham includes Brompton, a village connected with 

 the dockyard and naval and military establishments. The High- 

 street in Chatham, about 1} miles in length, is narrow ; and a consi- 

 derable portion of the town itself is irregular and ill-built. Many of 

 UM houses are constructed of timber, probably from the facility of 

 purchasing refuse wood from the dockyard in former times. The 

 water supply is chiefly obtained by wells and pumpa from the upper 

 eaalk formation : the well* vary in depth from 18 to 120 feet ; five of 



i are public. 

 L various discoveries made in erecting the fortifications which 



t ; 



I- i | ,r 



inclose the naval and military establishments at Chatham it Mem* 

 probable that the Roman* had a cemetery ben. Several ancient 

 gram ami other excavation* have been opened, and Roman bricks, 

 tila*. coin*, and weapon* found. The name of the town U Saxon, and 

 ws* written Cetenam or Caettham, which appears to signify 'the 

 village of BnHages' It continued aa insignificant place until the 

 formation of the dockyard, to which UM town owes its origin. 

 The parish church wa* almost entirely rebuilt in 1788. Kt, John's 

 'i wms erectrd in 1821 by the oommissionen for building new 

 There are chapels for Weslryan Methodist*, Baptists, 

 Bible Christians, Irvingites, Swedenborgians, and 



Unitarians; two National schools, a Britiah school, a Proprietary 

 ebooi, a Ragged school, and a mechanics institution. An hospital for 

 leper, was established i Chatham by Bishop Oundulph in the reign 

 /William UM Conqueror. The only portion of the building now 



existing i* a small chapel ; UM revenue* of UM estate an in the hands 

 of UM Dean of Rochester. In the High-street is an hospital for Un 

 decayed mariner* and shipwri^htA, which was founded by Sir John 

 Hawkins in 16112, and incorporated by Queen Elizabeth in )5'.<4. A 

 military lunatic asylum provides accommodation for 80 officers and 

 100 private*. Then an several minor charities. 



The extensive naval and military establishments are at Brompton, 

 a little distance from the town, and entirely separated from it by 

 a linn of fortification*. The dockyard was founded by Queen 

 Elizabeth, previous to the invasion of the Armada, on the site of what 

 is now termed the Ordnance Wharf, and occasionally the Old Dock. 

 It was nmoved to its present situation in 1622, the demand* of the 

 navy requiring increased accommodation. Elisabeth erected U|>nor 

 Castle, on the opposite side of the Medway, for the purpose of 

 defending the dockyard and shipping. But thin fort proved inef- 

 fectual for protection from the attempt of the Dutch, inn. 

 Ruytrr, who in 1667 having taken Sheerness, distmtcheil I, 

 admiral, Van Qhent, with 17 sail of light ships and 8 fire ships to 

 destroy Chatham. He succeeded in breaking a chain stretched across 

 the Medway, and in spite of the fire from the castle burnt and sunk 

 some ships. Finding the country alarmed, he retired, carrying off a 

 ship of war named the Royal Charles. This event was the cause of 

 additional and stronger fortifications being erected. The dockyard 

 was subsequently considerably enlarged. 



From the year 1757 down to 1805, new buildings wen erected, and 

 the extensive area occupied by the different establishments was 

 inclosed by a strong line of fortifications on the land side, and pro- 

 tected on the river side by strengthening Upnor Castle, by the erection 

 of a martello tower called Gillingham Fort on the Chatham aids, and 

 other defences. Upnor Castle is at present merely a powder magazine. 



The naval and military establishments now comprise the dockyard, 

 nearly a mile in length, which has four wet docks capable of receiving 

 vessels of the largest size, and nine building-slips, of which six we for 

 first-rates; metal mills; an extensive arsenal; barracks on a large 

 scale for artillery and engineers, infantry and royal marines ; a park of 

 artillery; magazines and store-houses; besides a handsome dock- 

 chapel, and a number of habitations for the civilians who are employed. 

 The principal mast-house is 240 feet long by 120 feet wide. The 

 rope-house is 1128 feet in length, and 474 '<** wide : in it cables 101 

 fathoms in length and 25 inches in circumference are made. The 

 sail-loft is 210 feet in length. The machinery used in all the depart- 

 ments U of the very best kind. A duplicate of Brunei's block-making 

 machine is kept here, ready for use in case the machine at Portsmouth 

 should get out of order. The engineer barracks are built in a plain 

 and simple style, and are extensive and convenient. Near the dock- 

 yard gate is a large naval hospital, which was erected at the suggestion 

 of William IV. when lord high admiral. 



After the fire at Devonport dockyard in 184 0, which wss greatly 

 extended owing to the tarred wooden and paper roofs which covered 

 the building-Blips, the admiralty began gradually to replace such roofs 

 with others made of metal. Nearly all the slips at Chatham have been 

 recently either rebuilt or strengthened and repaired. The metal mills 

 are more extensive than at any other of the dockyards. In 1848 t bi- 

 metal mills produced 700 tons of sheet copper, 400 tons of bolt copper, 

 and 800 tons of remanufactured iron per annum. All the old 

 sheeting from the various dockyards is re-melted here into sheets. 



There are saw-mills at Woolwich, Chatham, and Nhcerness ; but 

 those at Chatham are the most complete. The ( "\-.:\\ li.un mills could 

 indeed, it is said, cut timber enough for most of the yards. It is 

 merely straight cutting : the machinery employed is not fitted for cut- 

 ting the curved pieces required in a ship, which are still cut by hand. 



There is an establishment at Chatham, founded in 1812, for the 

 instruction of officers and privates of the engineer branch of the army. 

 Men belonging to the Engineers, and to the Sappers and Miners, are 

 hen instructed in all that relates to fortification, garrison 

 and field service. Young men intended for officers in the engineering 

 corps, after preliminary training at Addiscombe or \Yo,>lwii -h, receive 

 the practical part of their professional education at the Chatham 

 institution. 



Tii.- ' Chest' at Chatham was established in the reign of Elizabeth, 

 and was originally a voluntary contribution from the monthly wages 

 of seamen for the support of their maimed and superannuated 

 brethren, but which soon settled into a compulsory payment. Un the 

 recommendation of the Commissioners of Naval Inquiry, it was, by the 

 43 George III. c. 119, removed to Greenwich. Instead of a monthly 

 payment from the wages of seamen the amount is now charged 

 annually on the consolidated fund. 



At Rochester Bridge the Medway, which discharges into the same 

 icstuary with the Thames, is a large tidal river. The rise is 18 feet 

 ut spring and 12 feet at neap tides at Chatham. Above Rochester 

 the high lands approach each bank of the river, forming a kind of 

 amphitheatre about Chatham and Rochester on the east side, and 

 also on the west, closing on the river at Upnor Castle. Ik-low Chat- 

 ham dockyards the high lands decline, first on the right and then on 

 the left bank, forming a flat marshy country to the spacious outlet 

 of the Medway at Sheerness. 



(Hasted, Kent ; Douglas, Nenia flrilannicu ; Pepys, Dttry ; Com- 

 mitnirnlton from Chatham.) 



