453 



CHESTERFIELD. 



CHICHESTER. 



Lumley Castle, the baronial seat of the Earl of Scarborough, a 

 noble building which retains much of its ancient magnificence, is 

 situated on an elevated spot near the bank of the Wear, about three- 

 quarters of a mile from Chester. Lambton Hall, the peat of the Earl 

 of Durham, about two miles north by east from Chester-le-Street, 

 was built in 1797 ; the grounds are pleasant, but the building displays 

 many incongruities. Havensworth Castle, the seat of Lord Ravens- 

 worth, is a modern castellated edifice. 



(Communication from Chetter-le-Strcet.) 



CHESTERFIELD, Derbyshire, a municipal borough, market-town, 

 and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Chesterfield and 

 hundred of Scaredale, is situated near two rivulets, the Hyper and the 

 Bother, in 53 13' N. lat., 1 25' W. long., 132 miles N. by W. from 

 London by road, and 156 miles by the North-Western and Midland rail- 

 ways. The population of the borough in 1851 was 7101. The borough 

 is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor. 

 The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Derby and diocese of 

 Lichneld. Chesterfield Poor-Law Union contains 34 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 85,732 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 45,803. 



Chesterfield is conjectured, from it* name, to have been a Roman 

 station. The town received various privileges from King John, but was 

 not incorporated till the reign of Elizabeth. The town is moderately 

 well lighted and paved. In addition to the old town-hall there is a 

 municipal-hall of recent erection. The parish church, erected during 

 the 13th century, is a beautiful and spacious edifice. The spire is 

 remarkable from being crooked. The bulging out of a portion of the 

 middle of the spire causes the ball on the summit to deviate from the 

 perpendicular 6 feet towards the south, and 4 feet 4 inches towards 

 the went. The spire is 230 feet high. The interior has been restored. 

 Trinity church is a neat structure built in 1838. There are chapels 

 for Independents, Baptists, and Methodists. A Free Grammar school, 

 founded, in the reign of Elizabeth, but closed for many years, was 

 re-opeued and a handsome new school-house bnilt in 1846; it has an 

 income from endowment of HOI. a year, and had 85 scholars in 1851. 

 The Victoria school is mainly supported by the vicar. There are 

 almshouseg, a savings bank, a mechanics institute, and a dispensary. 

 A county court is held in the town. The district around Chesterfield 

 is rich in coal and iron, aud a considerable number of persons are 

 employed in the mines. Potter's-clay, brick-clay, building-stone, and 

 roofing-stone are also met with. The manufacture of cotton-wicks, 

 ginghams, checks, cotton and worsted hosiery, and bobbin-net is car- 

 ried on. The Chesterfield Canal extends from this town to the tideway 

 of the Trent, a distance of 46 miles. 



(Woodhead, A ccount of the JSorouyh of Chai.erf.dd ; Communicationi 

 from C'hetterjield.) 



CHESTERTON, Cambridgeshire, a village and the seat of a 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish and hundred of Chesterton, is situated 

 on the left bank of the river Cam, in 52 13' N. lat, 9' E. long. ; 

 distant one mile N. by E. from Cambridge, 62 miles N. by E. from 

 London by road, and 59 miles by the Eastern Counties railway. The 

 population of the parish of Chesterton in 1851 was 2816. The living 

 is a vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely. Chesterton 

 Poor-Law Union contains 38 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 72,422 acres, and a population in 1851 of 25,165. The manor of 

 Chesterton was given by Henry I. to the prior and canon of Barn- 

 well. In the village a nunnery formerly existed ; the remains of the 

 chapel are now converted into a dairy. The parish church of 

 Chesterton, dedicated to St. Andrew, is a spacious edifice in the 

 perpendicular style. In the village are a Baptist chapel, and National 

 and British schools. The Cambridge county jail, and the Victoria 

 Benefit Societies Asylum are in the pariah. During the interval 

 between the Censuses of 1841 and 1851 the number of houses in 

 Chesterton parish rose from 331 to 577, and the number of inhabit- 

 ant* from 1617 to 2816. This bos been owing chiefly to the low 

 rents and light taxation which have attracted to it a a place of 

 residence persons engaged in business in Cambridge, of which town 

 indeed Chesterton village is in some respects a suburb. At Arbury in 

 Chesterton parish are the remains of a circular camp of British origin. 



CIIKVAGXKS. [ALLIEB.] 



CHEW MAONA. [SOMERSETSHIRE.] 



CHIA'NA, VAL DI, a valley in Tuscany, in the province of Arezzo, 

 running north and south 30 miles in length, from Arezzo to Chiusi, 

 and between two chains of hills, of which the western divides it 

 from the valley of the Ombrone, and the eastern from the Lake 

 Thrasymene and the valley of the Tiber. Chiana is the modern name 

 of the ancient Clanu, a feeder of the Tiber. The Val di Chiana was 

 formerly a vast marsh, and its air was pestilential ; it was drained under 

 the Grand Duke Leopold I., and his son Ferdinand. By this operation 

 above 36 square miles of ground are become now one of the most 

 fertile districts of Tuscany. The waters of the northern and larger 

 part of the valley now run north into the Arno by a stream called 

 Chiana Totcana, the drainage of the southern part is collected into 

 another arm called Chiana Montana, which flows into the Paglia 

 bout five miles above its confluence with the Tiber. Indeed the 

 valley is so nearly a perfect flat, that the waters which flow into it 

 from the hills on each side would flow indifferently in either direction. 

 In ancient times they all flowed south to Clusiuin (Chiusi), where 



the river formed and still forms a lake (Lago di Chiusi), and thence 

 about 30 miles farther to the Tiber. [ARNO ; AREZZO ] 



CHIARI. [BRESCIA.] 



CHIA'VARI. [GENOA.] 



CHIAVENNA. [VALTELIXA.] 



CH1CACOLE. [CiROARS, NORTHERN.] 



CHICHESTER, Sussex, an episcopal city, a municipal and pnrlia- 

 mentary borough and market-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the rape of Chichester, and western division of the county, 

 is situated in 50 50' N. lat., 46' W. long., distant 62 miles S.W. by 

 S. from London by road, and 79 miles by the Portsmouth branch of 

 the South Coast railway. The livings are in the archdeaconry and 

 diocese of Chichester. The city is governed by 6 aldermen and 

 18 councillors, one of whom is mayor ; and returns two members to 

 the Imperial Parliament. The population of Chichester in 1851 was 

 8662. Chichester Poor-Law Union comprises the city and suburbs, 

 with an area of 1680 acres, and a population in 1851 of 15,000. 



Chichester stands at the termination of a gentle descent from the 

 South Down hills. The plain in which it is situated extends from 

 the west side of Brighton to Portsmouth harbour, between the 

 South Downs and the sea, and attains at Chichester its greatest 

 width. The city within the walls is divided by two principal streets 

 running north and south, and east and west, which intersect each 

 other near the centre of the town. Beyond the walls the suburls 

 are prolonged in the direction of the principal streets. A small 

 rivulet called the Lavant, which is occasionally dry in summer, 

 bounds the city on the east and south sides. 



Chichester occupies the site of the Roman station Regnum. The 

 walls, which are nearly a mile and a half in circuit, were probably 

 first erected by the Romans. The present walls are supposed to have 

 been re-constructed with the materials of the Roman walls. 



The word Chichester appears to be a contraction of ' Cissanceaster,' 

 the city or castle of Cissa, an Anglo-Saxon chief, who according to 

 the Chroniclers repaired and partly rebuilt it, after it had been 

 destroyed in a siege. At the Norman survey Chichester had 238 

 houses, which were given to Roger de Montgomery, who was created 

 the first Earl of Chichester. This nobleman is believed to have 

 succeeded in removing the seat of the bishopric of Sussex from 

 Selsea to Chichester, which was one cause of the early prosperity of 

 the place. The earliest charter extant is one by Stephen. In the 

 beginning of the reign of King John, there were three Mints esta- 

 blished in Chichester, two belonging to the king, and one to the 

 bishop. In December 1642 the Royalists who held the city 

 surrendered to the parliamentary forces. The fortifications were 

 demolished by order of the Parliament in 1648. 



A cathedral, built mostly of wood, was founded here in 1108. The 

 present cathedral, a cruciform edifice erected during the 13th centuiy, 

 exhibits some specimens of Norman design, and also some examples 

 of the first pointed style, when the Petworth or Sussex marble came 

 into fashion. The spire, which is about a century later in date than 

 the body of the building, is finely proportioned. The extreme 

 length of the cathedral from east to west is 407 feet ; from north 

 to south 150 feet; the transept is 129 feet long, and 34 feet wide; 

 the nave and aisles are 97 feet wide ; and the tower and spire 

 300 feet high. The building is remarkable for having double side 

 aisles. In the cathedral are nine monuments by Flaxman, one of 

 them to the memory of William Collins, the poet, who was a native 

 of Chichester. It also contains several ancient monuments. One of 

 the modern monuments is a statue by Carew of the late Mr. Hus- 

 kisson, who was for some time member for this city. Near the 

 north-west angle of the cathedral is a bell-tower 120 feet high, with 

 massive walls, called Ryman's Tower. The palace of the bishop of 

 Cbichester is within the city. There is a neat antique chapel attached 

 to the palace, which was repaired by Bishop Maltby. Something has 

 been done during the last 20 years in the way of restoring various 

 portions of the cathedral buildings. 



The parochial churches in Chichester are generally small, and some 

 of them are poor in appearance. In 1836 the sub-deanery was 

 divided, and a handsome gothic church, dedicated to St. Paul, and 

 capable of accommodating 1000 persons, was erected without the 

 walls. Before this was built, St. John's proprietary chapel furnished 

 the chief accommodation for public worship in connection with the 

 Established Church. The Independents, Wesleyan and Primitive 

 Methodists, Baptists, Quakers, Unitarians, and other bodies have 

 places of worship. There are in the city National, British, and 

 Infant schools. There is a Blue-Coat school, founded in 1702, in 

 which 28 boys are boarded and educated ; and such of the boys as 

 conduct themselves well receive on leaving the school a sum of money 

 to enable them to set up in business, or otherwise to promote their 

 interests. The revenue of this foundation is above 1300J. per annum. 

 The Prebendal Grammar school was re- founded by Bishop Story about 

 the close of the 15th century, but the school is believed to be coeval 

 with the cathedral. It has an income of 101. a year, and had 18 

 scholars in 1852. A Diocesan Theological college, founded by Bishop 

 Otter in 1839, is under the care of a Principal and a Vice-Principal. 

 Bishop Otter's Training college was originally founded by the bishop 

 about 1841 ; in 1850 a new and handsome building was erected as a 

 memorial of the founder, and bearing his name. Provision is made 



