CHRISTIANSAND. 



OHUDLEIOH. 



bold, and frequently a high chore, which on the east and louth i* 

 lightly indented, but on the west form* a bay of oonaidrabl<> extent, 

 the Bukko Fiord. Two of iU branches run many mile* into the 

 mountain*, and terminate at the foot of the high ron#e. The not t lu-rn 

 and larger U exiled Nantrmd Fiord, and the southern Lye Fi jrJ. 

 The latter may be oonaidered a* separating the mountains from the 

 hilly country which extends southward to Cape Lindesnaeo. 



The north eastern part of (.'hristiausand. about the Oousta Fell, ii 

 a very high country, called Tellemarken, and inhabited by a pour but 

 hardy and enterprising race of men. The numerous cleft* are filled 

 with water, which rushes down in rapids and cataract* with incredible 

 Telocity. The waterfall of the Rinkan Foss U 440 feet high. These 

 water* unite in three streams, which fall into the lake of Nurd Soon, 

 from which U*ue* a powerful and rapid stream, the Skeen-Klf, <>r 

 Bret ig Elf. The southern district* of the province are mostly wide 

 and fertile valleys, with a warmer climate than could lie expected in 

 each a high latitude. Agriculture is duly attended to in the low 

 ground*, and the hill* are covered with forest* of oak, pine, 6r, and 

 birch. These forest* are the principal wealth of the country ; they 

 supply materials for the building of the numerous boats employed m 

 fishing, and are alo an article of export in the shape of plonks and 

 deals. The fishery is nut important, except that of lobsters, which 

 are perhaps nowhere found iu such immense number* as along the 

 southern coast between Hellesund (east of Christianaand), and Lister 

 Fiord (north-west of Lindetnaes). The London market is supplied 

 with. lobter principally from these fisheries. The chief rivers are 

 the Xid-Elf, which run* about 8Q miles, and the Torridola-Elf, which 

 has a length of about 100 mile* ; both are too rapid to be navigated. 

 The sea along the south and the south-east coast is dotted with innu- 

 merable rocks and islet*. 



Betide* the capital, CHRISTUXSAXD, which form* the subject of the 

 next article, the follt wing place* may be noticed: Arendal, north- 

 east of Chrutiansand, i* a small but pretty town built on rock* pro- 

 jecting into the channel formed by the Trommel and other islands 

 near the mouth of the Nil-Elf. Its street* are formed partly by 

 wooden bridges and partly by canal*. It* harbour, which i safe but 

 not Urge, U formed by the island of Trommo ; ship* lie close to the 

 houses, so great is the depth of water. The church is built of wood. 

 A broad quay, facing the couth-east, run* along the principal street. 

 Deals and plank* are exported, and in its neighbourhood some iron- 

 mines are worked. Then are tobacco factories, distilleries, and 

 ship-building yard*. The population, which consist* chiefly of traders 

 and fishermen, U about 8500. Plelcttfard, on the west coast near the 

 head of Lai Fiord, ha* 3000 inhabitant* and a con*iderable trade. 

 The harbour i* good, but the channel of the Lai Fiord i* narrow. 

 Maadul, between Christianaand and Cape Lindesnaes, at the mouth 

 of the Uandal*-Elf, has a safe harbour, to which vessels resort 

 when damaged in the dangerous navigation of thi* sea. It export* 

 salmon, both *alt and dried, and ha* about 3000 inhabitants. Stavanger, 

 on an arm of the Bukke Fiord, called the Tunge Kiord, has a spacious 

 and safe bartx.ur, and about 8000 inhabitant*, who are chiefly sup- 

 ported by the herring fishery. The annual take of herrings for 

 curing averages 300,000 barrels. The town, which is one of the molt 

 ancient in Norway, is built en a huge promontory which commands 

 fin* views of the fiord with its numerous islands and bay* and the 

 mountains on the mainland to eastward. Stavanger gave title to a 

 bishop before the foundation of Christisnaaud ; it still retains it* 

 cathedral, which, with the exception of that of Trondhjem, U the 

 finest specimen of gothic architecture in Norway. The harbour of 

 Stavanger U well sheltered by an island in front of the town. 

 Steamer* between ChrUtiausand and the north-west coast of Norway 

 put into Stavanger. 



The province U divided into the bailiwicks of Nedenais, Handals, and 

 Stevangvr, which respectively comprise the eastern, southern, and 

 western district*. 



CHUISTIANSAND, capital of the stift or province of Christian- 

 land in Vorway, and the residence of the stift-amtmand (high bailiff 

 of the province) and of a bishop, i* situated on the Topdal* Fiord on 

 the northern coast of the Skagerack, opposite to the peninsula of 

 Jutland, in W IV N. lat, 8 20' K. long., and ha* about 12,000 

 iababiteiiu. It .tend* on an extensive bay, where the Torridal.- 

 V eaten the sea; its harbour U safe, and affords a secure shelter 

 fcrveseek that navigate the Baltic along this rocky coast. The town, 

 which wo. founded in 1641 by Christian IV., hw long broad street* 

 UK! otit with the utmost regularity, and covered iu the middle with 

 deep sand. The bouses, though chiefly of wood, are very neat and 

 pie-suit, and separated from one another by gardens. The oathedral 

 u i built of gray *Ue, and in architectural pretensions ranks next to 

 thoee of Truodbjem and Hlavanfer. There is a branch national bank 

 and a grammar rb-.l in the town. The town and the entrance of the 

 harbour are defended by forties* erected on- the Isle of Oddero. The 

 principal breach of industry is ship -building, this place being situated 

 u the only dutrict of Norway where oak grow*, and hence most of 

 the veeseU belonging to the merchant* of Chri*Uania and Itaunmen 

 are built bete. It export* lobsters, log*, and deals to England. 

 Lobster fishing affords occupation to number* of the population. 

 Steamm ply regularly to Chrwtiauia and Troudbjem. In the grave- 

 yard of Oddemoes church, which is a little north of the town, and 



is reached by a handsome bridge thrown across the river, are several 

 ancient tombstones; among other* one marked with a Runic inscrip- 

 tion i* supposed to be above 800 yean old About three miles above 

 the town the TorridaU-Elf makes a fine fallT called Helfoa. 



CHKISTIAXSTAD, a fortified town in South Sweden, in 56" 1' 

 X. Ut., 14 S'E. long., is the capital of Chrutianstad* Liin. [SWEDES.] 

 It is built on a peninsula in the Helge Lake, which is formed by the 

 river Helge An, and ha* a population of 4500. The street* are straight 

 and wide, and the houses mostly built of wood. Tho harbour of the 

 town i* Abut, a small place about 10 mile* from it at the mouth of 

 the river Helge An in the Baltic. The town was founded by Chrutian 

 IV. of Denmark. A canal was begun in order to form a convenient 

 water-communication with the harbour, but as it* commerce was, 

 and is still, very limited, this work has gone to decay. Some woollen 

 and linen goods are made here, and good gloves. It ban been recently 

 proposed to lay down a railway through Christianntad from the 

 Skelder Wik, an inlet of the Kattegat on the west of the Lan to Ahus, 

 in order to relieve the commerce of South Sweden from the Sound 

 dux*. 



< IIIMSTIANSUND. [TBOSDHJKM.] 



CHRISTOPHER'S, ST., or ST. KITT'S, one of the Caribbean 

 Inlands, wa* discovered in November 1493, by Columbus, who was 

 so delighted with its appearance that he gave it hi* own Christian 

 name. At thi* time it wa* well peopled by the Carib*, by whom it 

 wo* called Liamuigo, or the Fertile Island. It was never colonised 

 by the Spaniard*, but wo* the first of the British settlement* in the 

 West Indie*. A party under Mr. Thomas Warner took posse -gion of 

 it in 1623, and four years afterwards it was shared with some French 

 settlers. After various severe contentions the island was wholly 

 ceded to the English, in whose possession it remained till 1782, when 

 it was taken by the French, but restored at the peace of 1783. In 

 1805 it was again ravaged by the French, who however did not rjUin 

 possession. St. Kitt's contains about 44,000 acres, nearly half of 

 which is unfit for cultivation. The other part is almost entirely 

 occupied with plantation* of sugar-cane, leaving only a small portion 

 for cotton, indigo, pasturage, and provisions. The centre of the 

 island is occupied by nigged barren mountains, which contain some 

 hot springs. The highest point, called Mount Misery, 3711 feet 

 above the sea, is an exhausted volcano, the crater of which is still 

 apparent The soil of the plain is chiefly a dork gray loam. The 

 island is divided into nine parishes, and contains four towns BAS- 

 SETERRE, the capital, Sandy Point, Old Road, and Deep Bay. St. 

 Kitt's is governed by a lieutenant-governor, and sends 10 members to 

 the House of Assembly of the Leeward Islands, at Antigua, of which 

 government it forms a part. The revenue in 1851 amounted to 

 19,665*. St. 2rf., the expenditure to 14,672*. 7*. 6d. The year 1851 

 was considered a very prosperous year in consequence of the abun- 

 dance of the harvest The sugar exported in 1851 amounted to 

 7270 hogsheads, being 2662 hogsheads more than wa* exported in 

 1850. The value of the imports for 1851 was 112,748*. a*. 2i, being 

 an increase over those of 1850 of 20,229*. 10*. 6d. The climate, 

 though hot, is considered healthy, but the island is subject to violent 

 hurricanes. It lies north-west and south-east, 17 miles iu length and 

 6 miles in breadth, and is separated from Nevis by a strait only a 

 mile aud a half wide. The plantation* in the island are almost all in 

 the hand* of non-resident cultivators, a system which is found to be 

 prejudicial both to the interests of the proprietor* and the prosperity 

 of the island. The education of thu people is conducted by the 

 Established Church, the Wesleyan Methodist*, and the Moravians. 

 In 1851 the attendance of children at Church schools was 796, at 

 Wesleyon schools 850, at Moravian schools 885. (Parliamentary 

 Paperi.) 



< 'IIHUDIM, a town in Bohemia, 62 miles E.S.E. from Prague, stands 

 on the right bank of the Chrudimkn, a feeder of the Elbe, and not 

 for from the Pordubiti station on the Pragua and Vienna railway, 

 in 48 46' N. lat, 15* 60' E. long., and has above 6000 inhabitant*. 

 It is well built, surrounded with walls, and contain* a magnificent 

 collegiate church, a capuchin convent, and a high school The city 

 is royal appanage, and ha* it* own civil court The time of tho 

 foundation of Chrudim i* not known, but it is certain that it was 

 reckoned one of the Bohemian town* in the year 1055. 



CHUDLEIUH, Devonshire, a market-town in the parish of Chud- 

 leigh and hundred of Exmuuter, i* situated on the road from Exeter 

 to Plymouth, a short distance from the left bank of the river Teign. 

 in (0* 86' N. Ut, 8* 86' W. long. ; distant 9 mile* 8. by W. from 

 Exeter, and 184 mile* S.W. from London by road. Starcroe* station 

 of the South Devon railway, which is about 6 miles from < 'imdlrinh, 

 is 202 miles from London. The population of the parish of Chud- 

 lelgh in 1851 wa* 2401. The living i* a vicarage in the archdeaconry 

 and diocese of Exeter. 



The manor of Cbudlrigh formerly belonged to the bishops of 

 Exeter, who bad a palace here. In the time of Edward VI. thi; manor 

 wo* alienated ; it i* now the property of Lord Clifford. The town, 

 which i* situated in the midst of much picturesque scenery, consist* 

 < ln.-tly of the main street The houses are rather irregularly built 

 In 1808 a fire consumed the greater part of tho town, the damage 

 having b en estimated at 60,000*. ; a subscription for relief of the 

 poorer sufferers, and to assist in re-building the houses, amounted to 



