493 



CHUMLEIGH. 



CILICIA. 



49J, 



upwards of 20.000Z. There are four large corn-mills and a tan-yard. 

 Cider is extensively made in the district. The Kingsteignton Canal, 

 4 miles in length, constructed at the cost of Lord Clifford, and 

 opened in 1843, has been of considerable advantage to the town. 

 The parish church was dedicated by Bishop Bronescombe on the 6th 

 of November 1259; it consists of a chancel, nave, south aisle, north 

 transept, and a tower, in which are six bells, a clock and chimes. 

 The church has been recently restored. The Wesleyan Methodists and 

 Independents have places of worship. There are British and National 

 schools. Pynsent's Free school, founded in 1669, has an income from 

 endowment of 301. a year, and had 33 scholars in 1851 ; one of the 

 number was a free scholar. A literary society baa a library and 

 reading-room. Saturday is the market-day. ' Fairs are held on 

 Easter Tuesday, on the third Tuesday and Wednesday in June, and 

 on October 2nd, chiefly for cattle. A plot of ground called the Play 

 Park is appropriated as a public pleasure ground. Ugbrooke Park, 

 the seat of Lord Clifford, within half a mile of Chudleigh, is much 

 Tisited in summer on account of its extensive and picturesque 

 grounds. In the park, which is well wooded, are upwards of 500 

 head of deer. Chudleigh Rock and its remarkable and capacious 

 cavern are objects of great interest to visitors. From the summit 

 of the rock is obtained an extensive and beautiful prospect. The 

 blue limestone, known as Chudleigh marble, is quarried here in 

 considerable quantities. 



(1'jlwhele, Devonshire ; Route Book of Devon; Handbook of 

 Devon; Communication from, Chudleigh.) 



CHUMLEIGH. [DEVONSHIRE.] 



CHUNDOWSY. [BAREILLY.] 



CHUQUISACA*, the capital of Bolivia, in South America, in situ- 

 ated near 19 S. lat., and between 64 and 65 W. long. It stands on 

 a table-land about 9000 feet above the sea-level, between the Pilco- 

 mayo and the Guapai, and therefore near the watershed of the 

 La Plata and tha Amazonas. The town, which was formerly called 

 Charccu, is well built, and has a magnificent cathedral, with large 

 towers rising from each angle. " The towers that rise," says Temple, 

 " over each angle of the cathedral, and the domes and steeples of the 

 numerous churches and convents, give the city an appearance of 

 splendour and extent from a distance ; within it is a neat cheerful 

 town." The population is about 26,OliO. The city was founded by 

 one of Pizarro's officnrs, on the site of an old Peruvian town called 

 ' C'hoque Chaka,' or Bridge of Gold, the treasures of the Incas having 

 passed through it on their way to Cuzco. It formerly gave title to 

 an archbishop, whose palace is now the residence of the president of 

 the republic. Among the other public buildings worthy of notice are 

 the Hall of Congress, in which the legislature of the republic meets ; 

 the University, established in a former monastery ; the College of Arts 

 and Sciences and the Mining School, both established in 1&26. The 

 climate of Chuquisaca is delightful, owing no doubt in great part to 

 its elevated site. (General Miller; Temple, French in Peru, &c.) 



CHUK. [CoiBE.] 



CHURCH, STATES OF THE. [PAPAL STATES.] 



CHURCH-STRETTON, Shropshire, a small market-town and the 

 seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Church-Stretton and hun- 

 dred of Munslow, is situated in 52" 32' N. lat, 2 47' W. loug. ; 

 distant 13 miles S. by W. from Shrewsbury, and 158 miles N.W. by 

 W. from London by road. The population of the township of Church- 

 Stretton in 1851 was 1676. The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry 

 of Salop and diocese of Hereford. Church-Stretton Poor-Law Union 

 contains 14 parishes and townships, with an area of 44,733 acres, and 

 a population in 1851 of 6210. Church-Stretton is situated on the 

 turnpike road from Ludlow to Shrewsbury, in a narrow valley, 

 bounded S.E. by the Caradoc Hills, the highest of which is 1200 feet 

 above the sea, and W. by the Long Mynd, a range of hills 1674 feet 

 high in the most elevated part. The parish church is a cruciform 

 building with a central tower. Some of the inhabitants are employed 

 in the manufacture of flannel and of coarse linen cloth for packing 

 wool and hops. Sheep are reared in considerable numbers on the 

 hills, and their wool forms an important article in the trade of the 

 town. The situation of the town is healthy, and the soil is good. 

 The market-day is Thursday. Fjirs are held on March 10th, May 

 14th, July 3rd, September 25th, and on the last Thursday in Novem- 

 ber. On the summit of Caradoc Hill are some remains of an ancient 

 encampment ; and in the neighbourhood is an insulated hill, with 

 entrenchments on its summit, called Brocard's Castle. 



I HiriiCHTOWN. [CORK.] 



C'HUSAN, or as Lord Macartney writes it, the Cheusan Islands, 

 are a group of islands on the eastern coast of China, and forming an 

 appendage to the province of Che-kiaug. Their number is very great, 

 and they are dispersed over that part of the sea where 30 N. lat. cuts 

 121" E. long. Staunton states that between the Quesan Islands and 

 Chusan Harbour, through a space of about 60 miles in length and 

 30 miles in width, the number of islands exceeds 300 ; but others, 

 apparently not less numerous, lie north of Chusan Island. These 

 numerous is'ands contain almost as many harbours or places of perfect 

 security for ships of any burden. Most of the islands consist of hills 

 rising with a regular slope and rounded at the top. Though mostly 

 close to each other they are divided by channels of great depth. 

 Home of them have a very inviting aspect, and one of them in par- 



ticular, called Poo-too, is described as a perfect paradise. It belongs 

 to a sect of religious men, aud contains 400 temples. The principal 

 island, which gives its name to the group, is about 30 miles long, and 

 varies in width from 6 to 8 miles. The surface is diversified by 

 pleasant heights and well-cultivated valleys. The chief harbour 

 is on the southern coast towards the Chinese continent, and only a 

 few miles distant from Kee-to Point, the moat eastern cape of China. 

 It is formed by three small islands, which lie about a mile from 

 Chusan, and has four entrances ; but these entrances are so com- 

 pletely shut in by the remoter points, that the harbour looks like a 

 lake surrounded by hills, aud it has excellent anchorage for vessels. 

 About a mile from this harbour is the capital of the island, Ting-ghae. 

 The intervening space is a plain intersected with rivulets and canals, 

 and cultivated like a garden. The road which traverses it though 

 good is very narrow, in order that as little land as possible may be 

 lost to cultivation. The town is inclosed by walla 30 feet high, which 

 overtop the houses. Along the walls at the distance of every hundred 

 yards are square stone towers. The town is in some degree surrounded 

 as well as intersected by canals, aud the bridges thrown over them 

 are steep and ascended by steps, like the HiaLto of Venice. The 

 streets, which are narrow, are paved with square flat stones. The 

 houses are low and mostly of one story. The numerous shops contain 

 chiefly articles of clothing, food, and furniture, which are arranged in 

 good taste. Numerous towns aud villages are scattered over the 

 island. The productions of the island include rice, wheat, sweet 

 potatoes, chestnuts, walnuts, and tobacco. Tea, silk, and cotton are 

 also produced to some extent. The mean temperature in winter is 

 about 41 Fahr. ; in autumn it is about 68. 



The Chusan Islands are of great importance to China in a commer- 

 cial view, especially for its intercourse with Japan. This commerce is 

 chiefly carried on by the three commercial towns of Ning-po, Hang- 

 tcheou, and Shang-hai, which are situated on the continent opposite 

 to the islands. The junks, by which this commerce is carried on, 

 assemble at the Chusan Islands, and depart thence for Nangasuki. 

 The islands are of importance, as protecting the commerce from the 

 Strait of Foimosa on the south, to the peninsula of Shaug-tong on 

 the north. If a foreign nation or a piratical chief should get posses- 

 sion of them the whole coast above mentioned would be at their 

 mercy, and the maritime intercourse would be interrupted. In 1840, 

 in consequence of disputes between the British and Chinese govern- 

 ments respecting some commercial transactions at Canton, a British 

 force was sent to the Chusau Islands, which captured them after a 

 slight resistance. The Chinese government then became more 

 disposed to yield, and after some negotiations a truce was agreed 

 upon near Tieutsing, between the Chinese imperial commissioner 

 and the British plenipotentiaries, who left Chusau for Canton on 

 the 15th of November 1840. On the 24th of February 1841 the 

 British troops were compelled to abandon tha Chusan Islands on 

 account of their unhealthiness. The Chinese refusing to fulfil the 

 conditions of the treaty of Tientsiug, the Chusan Islands were again 

 captured in 1842, after a vigorous defence, and the British army 

 advanced towards Nanking. Upon this the peace of 1842 was agreed 

 to, by which Chusan was restored to the Chinese, and the island of 

 Hong Kong ceded to the British in perpetuity. [CHINA ; HONG 

 KONG.] 



CILICIA, an ancient division of Asia Minor, was bounded N. by 

 the Taurus, which separated it from Cappadocia and Lycaonia ; S. by 

 the Mediterranean Sea ; E. by the Amanus range, which separated it 

 from Syria ; and W. by Pamphylia. According to Herodotus (v. 52), 

 the Euphrates was the boundary of Cilieia and Armenia. Cilicia 

 anciently comprised two divisions, the names of which were derived 

 from their physical character. The western and mouutainous part 

 wa* called the Rough Cilicia (T/x<ia), and the eastern part the Plain 

 Cilicia (n5ieis, campestris). Many attempts have been made by ancient 

 and modern writers to account for the name Cilici*; the Greeks de- 

 rived it from Cilix, son of Agenor, who was said to have colonised 

 this country. (Herod, vii. 91.) The inhabitants were formerly called 

 Hypachsei, according to Herodotus (vii. 91). Level Cilicia is described 

 by Xenophon as a large, beautiful, well-watered plain, abounding in 

 all kinds of forest-trees and vines. It yielded sesame, panic, saffron, 

 millet, wheat, and barley, which with rice, sugar, and cotton are still 

 cultivated there. The date-palm is indigenous. Mountainous Cilicia 

 was famous for a fine breed of horses ; and the annual tribute of the 

 Cilicians to Darius consisted of 360 white horses and 500 talents of 

 silver. (Herod, iii. 90.) It also contained much timber, and cedar 

 especially was abundant there. 



The first town in Mountainous Cilicia on leaving Pamphylia was 

 Coracesium, according to Strabo (pp. 667, d, 670, a, Casaubon). The 

 modern name is Alaya ; it is a strong natural fortress situated on a 

 high and almost insulated rock. Coracesium held out against Antio- 

 chus. (Livy, xxxiii. 20 ; Beaufort's ' Karamania. 1 ) 



The next town of importance was Selinus, situated on a steep hill. 

 The emperor Trajan died there, and the town was afterwards call. .1 

 Trajanopolis : the modern name is Selinty. Cape Anemurium (now 

 Anamour) is the most southern point of Asia Minor ; and probably 

 from this circumstance derived its name, which means ' windy point.' 

 The small town and port of Celenderis (.now Chelindreh) lies between 

 Anemurium and Seleucia, the modern Selefkeh. The ruins of the 



