CINCINNATI. 



CIRCARS, NORTHERN. 



aiMaent Svleueia are many miles from the shore, on the wort side of 

 the river Calyeadnus (Ook-Su), which now at any rate flows into 

 the eea a few miles east of Cape Zephyrium. (Beaufort, p. 2-J6.) A 

 ONkst-ranfe separatee the valley of the Gok-Su (the most extensive 

 level in Mountainous Cilicia) from the sea ; on the north it is screened 

 by the Taurus. The general course of the river is eastward to Selef- 

 keh, below which it enters the see. The shore presents a line of 

 noble promontories and white marble cliffs rising perpendicularly from 

 the eeew This rocky character diminishes a few miles west of Selef- 

 keh, where tho highlands begin to recede from the coast Many rare 

 kinds of animals and birds are found on the coast, and almost every 

 district is said to have some peculiar to itself. (Beaufort, p. 209.) In 

 the time of Cicero, Cilicia was famous for panthers. 



There is no town of much importance between Selefkeh and the 

 river Latmus (now Lamas), which was the boundary of Mountainous 

 Cilicia. (Strabo, p. t'.Tl, r.) Here the rocks and cliffs cease, and are 

 succeeded by a gravelly beach and broad plains, which extend to the 

 mountains. The plain of Cilicia was drained by three large rivers 

 the Cydnus (now the river of Tersus) ; the Sarus (now the Sihuu) ; 

 and the Pyramus (now the Jihun) all of which were navigable to a 

 considerable distance from the sea, but small boats can now with diffi- 

 culty uuss the bars formed by alluvial deposits at their mouths. The 

 Cydnus paesee through the celebrated Cilician Gates. The Sarus at 



* m it above 300 feet wide. Adana or Adanoh is still a place of 

 trade ; it gives name to a pashalic, and is surrounded by a fer- 

 tile tract of well-cultivated gardens. The Jihun is 490 feet wide half 

 a mile above its mouth ; on its eastern bank, and near its mouth, in 

 ancient times stood Mullus. The river breaks through the Taurus 

 by a frightful chasm weU described by Strabo (p. 536) ; in its lower 

 course it now divides into several arms, and forms a delta. [ANATOLIA.] 

 The principal towns in Level Cilicia were Soli, Tarsus or Tarsi, aud 

 lastu or Issi. (Xenoph. ' A nab.' i. 2, 23, 26.) Soli was afterwards 

 called Pompeiopolis, because Pompey settled the remains of the 

 pirates there. This town was the birthplace of Chrysippus aud of the 

 poets Philemon and Aratus. (Strabo, p. 671, d.) 



Tarsus, anciently one of the most celebrated cities in Asia Minor, 

 still boars a respectable rank : its modern name is Tersoos. Tarsus 

 was the birthplace of the apostle Paul, aud a school for the study of 

 philosophy and the arts. It stood in a plain on the banks of the 

 Cydnus. The water of the Cydnus, as of the other rivers along this 

 coast which carry down the melted snow from the ridges of Taurus, 

 is extremely cold ; injudicious bathing in it proved fatal to Frederick 

 Barbarossa, and nearly so to Alexander the Great The Cydnus has 

 undergone a great change from the deposits carried down from the 

 mountains : formerly it received large ships of war ; now none but 

 the smallest boats can enter it (Beaufort, p. 265.) Issus was situated 

 in the eastern part of the plain of Cilicia, at the head of the Issic 

 Gulf, or Gulf of Scanderoon : here Alexander defeated Darius Ji.c. 333. 

 The Pyramus, between Tarsus and the plain of Issue, has brought 

 down euch a quantity of sand and earth that the river has been 

 diverted twenty-three miles from its ancient course : in Strabo's time 

 the Pyramus entered the sea a little to the east of Cape Meganus 

 (Karadaah) ; now the mouth is not much west of vKgicic (Ayas). 

 Strata (book xii. p. 536, a) says that it passes under ground for a great 

 distance, and bursts forth again through a cleft of Mount Taurus : 

 he was well aware of the immense deposits which were brought down 

 by the stream. Cilicia included the level strip of laud along the 

 eastern shore of the Issic Uulf. [ ASIANI'S.] 



The origin of the Cilicians is uncertain ; they were probably a 

 Phoenician colony. (Herod, vii. 91.) Their character iu hi 

 periods did not stand very high, and in this respect they were com- 

 monly rlsiurd with the Cappadocians. They were the only nation 

 within the Italy s except the Lycians whom Croesus did not reduce. 

 (Herod, i. 28.) Our earliest information represents them as governed 

 l>y kings; and when Cilicia became one of the Fenian satrapies it 

 evidently continued to be governed by native kings, subject of course 

 to the Persian empire. The name of one of the Cilician kings, Syen- 

 nests, is familiar to the reader of Xenophon's ' Anabasis' (i. 2), and he 

 wan not the first of his name. Herodotus (i. 74) mentions one as con- 

 temporary with Alyattes ; and ^iwhylus (' Pen.' 826, Dindorf ) has 

 immortalised the bravery of another who joined Xerxes in his expe- 

 dition against Greece. 



Cilicia became a Macedonian province on the downfall of the Persian 

 empire ; Selencus and hie dmcendanU, after the death of Alexander, 

 held the eoverrigtily till Pompey reduced the level country to a Roman 

 province. Cicero wae pro-consul of Cilicia A.C.C. 702 ; aud for his 

 I against those who had fortili. d themselves in the mountains, 

 held out against his predecessor Appius Claudius Pulcher, 

 be wae rewarded on hie return with a triumph. Till the reign of 

 Vespasian Mountainous Cilicia appean to have been governed by 

 kingi who were appointed by the Romans, but after that time it 

 became a province. (iMrabo, xiv. pp. 608-076, Casaub. ; and Beau- 

 fort's ' Karamani*.') 



> I v INNATI, a city, the capital of Hamilton county, in the 

 tale of Ohio, is situated on the right bank of the Ohio Itiv, ,, 

 rind SO miles above the mouth of the Great Miami River, in 

 W 6' N. lat, 84' 27' W. l-.ng.; distant 494 miles from the mouth <-f 

 the Ohio, and 1 447 mile* N.E. by N. from New Orleans. The popula- 



tion in 1800 was 760 ; in 1810 it was 2540 ; in 1830 it was 24,831 ; in 

 1840 it was 46,838 ; in 1850 it had iucrejised to 115,436. 



Cni.-iiinati i< the largest inland city in the United States, and 

 with respect to the cities of tho Union generally, ranks sixth 

 in point of population. It is governed by a mayor, recorder, 

 and municipal town council. It has a separate judiciary, and a com- 

 mercial court to try causes arising between merchants. The city 

 stands in a beautiful valley about 12 miles iu circumference, which 

 is surrounded by hills, and is divided into two nearly equal parts by 

 the river Ohio. The first settlement took place here in December 

 1788. In laying out the divisions of I mil appropriated to individuals, 

 one square mile in each township was reserved for school purposes, 

 and one section in each for the support of religious societies. Thu 

 city wax incorporated in 1819. The streets are rvgularly laid out, 

 and cross each other at right angles, except where they approach the 

 river side. The city is built partly on the first bank of the river, 

 which is about 48 feet above low water-mark, and partly on the 

 second bank, which has a further elevation of about 60 feet. The 

 streets which run east aud west from the river are called First, Second, 

 Third streets, &c., according to their ord-r iu the series; the streets 

 which run north and south are called Walnut-direct, Sycainoie-street, 

 &c., after the forest-trees of the district. The streets are in general 

 well paved. The public buildings, many of which are of considerable 

 elegance, include several public halls, the county aud city courts, n 

 mercantile exchange, on observatory, a museum, four theatre - 

 numerous buildings belonging to literary and philosophical institu- 

 tions. There are in the city about 80 churches, of which a consider- 

 able number are spacious and handsome edifices ; there are also 

 3 colleges, 4 medical schools, a law school, a college aud sever.il 

 educational seminaries for females, 6 classical schools, and numerous 

 public schools. Cincinnati i.i the seat of extensive and varied manu- 

 factures, including machines of different kinds, carriages, waggons, 

 cutlery, edge-tools, mathematical and optical instrument*, pottery, 

 hats, &c. There are numerous foundries, iron rolling-mills, tan-yards, 

 breweries, distilleries, flour-mills, saw-mills, glass-works, ice-packiu ; 

 establishments, soap and candle works, steamboat building-yards, 

 stereotype foundries, wine manufactories, tobacco factories, &c. 



The navigation of the Ohio aud the numerous canals and railways 

 which communicate with the city aubrd Cincinnati valuable oppor- 

 tunities of cultivating commercial intercourse with other cities and 

 states in the Union. Its position on the Ohio renders it also an 

 important centre of traffic, which in its further development mu-t 

 add rapidly to the wealth and importance of the city. The Miami 

 Canal and the Ohio division of the Wabash and Erie Canal, form :i 

 line of communication about 251 miles in length between the Ohio 

 and Lake Erie. The Little Miami railway to Cleveland traverses a 

 distance of 255 miles; the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton rail way, 

 with its connected railway to Sanduaky, 218 . . n-unerom 



other lines, completed or in progress, rentier Cincinnati the centre of 

 the railway system of the Western Stat.'s. There is c umnunicatioii 

 by electric telegraph between this city and every large city from 

 Maine to Florida, and from the Atlantic to beyond tl:o Mississippi. 

 The traffic on the river is carried on chiefly by steamers, plying to 

 Pittsburg and New Orleans. The number of steam-vessels which 

 arrived in the port during the year ending August 31st 1850 was 

 3698 ; the departures were 3298. The amount of shipping owned iu 

 the Cincinnati district in SolO was 17,181 tons, all of which except 

 vessels amounting to 275 tons burden were navigated by steam 

 power. There are upwards of 50 newspapers aud periodical* 

 published in Cincinnati, of which S ure published daily. Near the 

 city are two beautiful suburban villages, Mount Auburn and Walnut 

 Hills, occupying elevated bites, and chiefly used as places of 

 residence by Cincinnati merchant*. The New School Presbyterians 

 have an important theological institution at Walnut II ills, called the 

 Lane Seminary, from the name of its earliest beuefacUirs, who 

 merchants in New Orleans. There ore numerous vineyards iu the 

 neighbourhood of tho city. 



(Cot! <,/ 1 he United Slatet of America. \ 



CINCU VILLAS. [AHA.;.,:V.] 



Cl N'I'llA. [ KsTKKMADUlU, 1'ollTI i.fESK.] 



CIOTAT. I. A. | I'.(M , niivi.r UIIO.NK.] 



CIRCA US. M Hi M I KHN, a large maritime province, lying between 

 16* and 20 N. lat, and between 80 and 86 K. long., extends along 

 the western ride of the Bay of Bengal, from the Chilka Lake on 

 the north to the river Gondegama on the south. It has thus the 

 district of Cuttack for its northern, and the Cornatic province for its 

 southern boundary ; on the cast it has the Bay of Bengal, along a 

 line of coast extending 47(1 mile* ; and on the west are Orissa, < 

 wona, tho dominions of tho Haju of Lcrar tun) of the Nizam, and tip- 

 ceded Balaghaut districts. The average breadth of the province i< 

 about 80 miles, and its area about 38,000 square miles. A 

 continued range of mountains, impaimblu by carriages aud difficult 

 for horsemen, extends along the whole western frontier, from the 

 Chilka Lake on the north to Uic hank of the (io.lavery on the south. 

 South of that river the proviucj is separated from the Ni. 

 territory by a detached range of small hill*. Th : province is watered 

 by several small rivers, which rise among the hills forming the western 

 frontier, and flow into the Bay of Bengal ; it receives likewise the 



