601 



CIVITAS AURELIA AQUENSIS. 



CLAIRVAUX. 



503 



Comarca di Roma ; and south-west by the Mediterranean. The western 

 part of the surface is generally level, low, and dotted with small 

 lakes. The eastern part is covered with ramifications of the Tuscan 

 Sub-Apennines. The rivers are small, the most important being the 

 Marta, which forms the outlet of the lake of Bolsena, and the Mig- 

 none (the ancient Minio), which falls into the sea some miles north 

 of Civita Vecchia. There are large salt-works on the coast at the 

 mouth of the Marta, which retains its ancient name. The mountains 

 in the north-eastern districts of the delegation contain rich alum 

 mines; the mineral is refined at the government works at Tolfa in 

 the interior. The Delegation of Civita Vecchia was included in 

 ancient Etruria ; it forms part of the Patrimony of St. Peter. 



CIVITAS AURELIA AQUENSIS. [BADES-BADEX.] 



CIVITELLA-DI-TRONTO. [ABRUZZO.] 



CLACKMAN NAN. [CLACKMANN A JJSHIRE.] 



CLACKMANNANSHIRE, a county in the eastern part of 

 Scotland, bounded S. and S.W. by the river Forth, N. and 

 W. by Perthshire, E. and S.E. by Perthshire and Fifeshire, lies 

 between 56 5' and 56 14' N. lat, 3 33' and 3 56' W. long. In 

 form it is very irregular, but ita greatest length from north-west to 

 south-east may be stated at 10 miles, and its greatest breadth from 

 north-east to south-west at 8 miles. This county is the smallest in 

 Scotland. Its area is 29,744 statute acres. The population in 1841 

 was 19,155 ; in 1851 it was 22,951. 



' "ii-line. The river Forth, which rises in Stirlingshire, is the 

 southern boundary of the county. It is navigable above Stirling. 

 The only port in the county is ALLOA, though there are several creeks 

 along the Frith of Forth, which are frequented by fishermen. At 

 Clackmannan Tow there are good piers and a small harbour; there 

 is also a small harbour at Kennet Pans. 



Surface and (jeology. The surface of the county in the southern part 

 consists of level alluvial tracts, which are very productive. Towards 

 the northern extremity the land rises gradually into the Ochill Hills, 

 which traverse the county from south-west to north-east. The bases 

 and sides of the Ochills supply good pasturage. The woodlands cover 

 upwards of 500 acres, and at least 2000 acres are laid out in planta- 

 tions. The low grounds have a fine fertile soil ; the subsoil of part 

 being clay. The elevated land has a substratum generally of gravel, 

 with a surface of good loam. On the high grounds the soil is thin, 

 and on the hills there is a considerable extent of moss. In the vale 

 of the Devon there are some pieces of black moss on both banks of 

 the stream, but these are rapidly disappearing. Bencleuch, the 

 loftiest of the Ochills, is 2400 feet high. The King's Seat, Dollar 

 Hill, and the Wisp, in the north-east part of the county, do not 

 exceed 1900 feet. From these hills streams descend through romantic 

 glens, and at Dollar, Alva (in Stirlingshire), and Tillicoultry, supply 

 water for the shawl and blanket mills and fulling works of these 

 thriving villages. 



The Ochills are composed of trap rocks of various kinds. The 

 great mass is of the amygdaloid rock and clinkstone porphyry of a 

 light colour. Greenstone is also found in considerable quantity. In 

 the whole range many veins of copper and lead are found. From the 

 face of the Ochills southward the rocks are of the coal formation, 

 consisting of sandstone, shale of a dark colour, fire-clay, ironstone, and 

 limestone. Above the coal formation are both old and recent alluvial 

 clays, the recent being the deposit from the Forth and its tributary 

 streams washing down the old alluvial clay. The old alluvial clay 

 consists of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders intimately mixed, imper- 

 vious to water and the most sterile of compounds. The recent alluvial 

 deposit is of blue, soft mud or silt in the lower part, and strong clay 

 at the surface. 



//;/ilroyraphy.' The Devon or North Devon rises in Perthshire, and 

 traverses the northern part of the county from east to west, along 

 the base of the Ochills, till, turning southward, after a short course 

 in that direction, it falls into the Forth atCambus, a village two miles 

 W. from Alloa. It receives in its winding course, through the rich 

 and beautiful vale of Devon, several tributary mountain streams, the 

 larger being those of Dollar, Tillicoultry, and Alva. The South or 

 Black Devon has its source in Fifeshire, and flows westward through 

 the southern part of the county in a direction nearly parallel to the 

 North Devon, falling into the Forth opposite Clackmannan. In 

 summer it is a small stream, its waters being principally collected in 

 dams, for the mills on its banks. 



Commitment i'mt. The communications of the county with the east 

 coast and the sea are through the ports of Alloa and Kincardine. 

 An excellent road traverses the county east and west. By the 

 Stirling station of the Scottish Central railway, the county has rail- 

 way communication with the south and north-east of Scotland ; and 

 a short branch connects Alloa with the Falkirk station of the Edin- 

 burgh and Glasgow railway. The Stirling and Dunfermline railway 

 traverses the southern part of the county, and connects it with the 

 ; ^h Central railway, with Fifeshire, and with the eastern coast. 



Climate. The prevailing winds are from the south-west; they 

 bring rain, but are accompanied by a mild temperature. The least 

 frequent winds are from the east and north-east, which blow for a 

 short time in spring, the weather being then dry and cold. Consider- 

 ably IBM rain fall" in the southern part of the county than in the 

 vicinity of the Ochills, while the low grounds, protected from the 



north winds by the hills, have the atmosphere kept clear, and heat 

 and cold alike moderated by the exposure of the coast to the Frith 

 of Forth and the German Ocean. 



Agriculture. Upwards of three-fourths of the land in the county is 

 under cultivation. In the low grounds the land is cropped in a 

 regular system of rotation, the hills being devoted exclusively to 

 pasturage. Agriculture may be said to be in a state of continual 

 improvement : great attention is paid to manuring ; draining is 

 almost universal, frequently with tiles, but chiefiy with stone. The 

 lands are also well fenced with stone walls or hedges ; where hedges 

 are used they are always neatly trimmed. The blackfaced, or a mix- 

 ture betwixt the blackfaced and Leicester breeds of sheep, are bred on 

 the hills. The Teeswater breed of cattle is reared also, though a 

 preference is given to Ayrshire and short-honied cattle. Leases are 

 generally for 19 years, sometimes at fixed money rents, though in 

 many cases at specific quantities of grain rents, or at rents dependent 

 on the fiars prices of the county. There are several fairs held in the 

 county, but none of any general importance. 



Industry. In the parish of Alloa are distilleries, breweries, manu- 

 factures of yams, plaidings, shawls, tartans, druggets, and blankets, 

 corn and flour mills, a glass-work, a foundry, a brick and tile work 

 and pottery, and a tan work. There are salmon fishings in the 

 Forth. Woollen shawls and tartans are made at Tillicoultry. Small 

 quarries of sandstone and limestone are wrought in various parts of 

 the county. The extensive coal-fields in Alloa and Clackmannan 

 parishes, which form that part of the county lying on the banks of 

 the Forth, supply large quantities of coal for exportation. The iron 

 manufacture carried on at Devon ironworks, on the banks of the 

 Devon stream, is important. Small railways connect these works 

 with Alloa harbour and Clackmannan Pow, and they possess ready 

 communication with all the great markets by the Stirling and Dun- 

 fermline line of railway. 



Dirisions, Town*, <kc. The county contains four parishes, the 

 largest being Alloa, to which is united the ancient parish of Tullibody, 

 of which Alloa itself was once a chaplainry. There is a chapel of ease 

 at Sauchie near Clackmannan, and occasional service at Tullibody. 

 The Free Church has 6 congregations, the United Presbyterians 

 have 4, the Episcopalians 1, and there are in the county a few other 

 congregations of Dissenters. The county is within the synod of Perth 

 and Stirling. Clackmannanshire, along with the county of Kinross, 

 sends one member to the Imperial Parliament. Its constituency was 

 1149 in 1853. 



The most important place in the county is AtLOA. 



Clackmannan, the county town, is 2 miles E. from Alloa, about 

 29 miles N.W. from Edinburgh. It is situated on elevated ground 

 rising from the plain or shore of the Forth. The population of the 

 town, with which is included the villages of Kennet and Newtonshaw, 

 was 1535 in 1853. The only public buildings are the parish church 

 and county hall. The courts of the county are held at Alloa. 



The following villages may be mentioned : Dollar, at the foot of 

 the Ochills: population, 1079. There are bleaching works and 

 woollen manufactures. The Dollar Institution is an academy founded 

 in 1818 by Mr. John Mac Nab of London, who directed a large for- 

 tune made by his own exertions to be applied to educational purposes 

 in his native parish. The ancient and modern languages and the 

 ordinary branches of education are taught. The income from endow- 

 ment is about 20000. a year. The number of scholars in 1852 was 

 350. There are several villas in the neighbourhood. Tillicoultry is 

 at the foot of the Ochills : population, 3217. The inhabitants ure 

 chiefly employed in the manufacture of shawls, tartans, and serge. 

 There are also fulling-mills. Tullibody, a village about 2 miles W. 

 from Alloa : population about 700. It contains an ancient chapel, 

 built by David I. Cambue, a village at the confluence of the Devon and 

 the Forth : population about 300. There are schools at all these places ; 

 the county possessing of parochial, endowed, and private schools 

 perhaps a greater proportion than auy other shire in Scotland. 



History, Antiquities, <tc. Clackmannanshire was the seat of the 

 Bruces for many generations, and an old tower in Clackmannan parish 

 is said to have been built by King Robert Bruce. Sauchie Tower, in 

 the same parish, is the ruin of a castle once the property of the earls 

 of Cathcart. Schaw Park (Lord Mansfield's) and Kennet (the mansion 

 of Bruce of Keunet) are the modern residences in this pariah. In 

 Dollar parish are the ruins of the very fine old feudal stronghold 

 called Gloome Castle, or Castle Campbell, burned by the Marquis of 

 Montrose in 1645. It occupies a romantic situation, on the top of a 

 steep and nearly precipitous hill, near the village of Dollar. The keep 

 is still in fine preservation. Roman sepulchral vases and stone coffins 

 of an ealier period have been found in the county. Lord Abercromby 

 has a seat at Tullibody, which is said to have been the scene of the 

 battle in which Kenneth, king of Scots (A.D. 834), destroyed the Picts. 

 The ancient chapel of Tullibody dates from 1149. 



In 1851 there was one savings bank in the county, at Clackmannan. 

 The amount owing to depositors on November 20th 1851 was 20151. 

 2s. Sd. 



CLAGENFURTH. [KLAOKNKCRT.] 



CLAIRVAUX, a small town in France, in the department of Aube, 

 is situated between wooded hills on the left bank of the river Aube 

 and about a mile or two from the confines of Haute-Marne. It 



