Sll 



CLIFDEK. 



CUTHBBOE. 



bad, and 28,500 aores in in meadows or pastures. The produce 

 b chieOr wheat, 170, barley, oata, buckwheat, tobacco, peas and beans, 

 potatoes. clover eid, butter, and cheeae, of which three lint-mentioned 

 articles much i* exported, Cattle are fed for the consumption of the 

 manufacturing towns of Duaatldorf and Elberfeld. and Urge quantities 

 of flu and seeds an grown for exportation to Holland and England. 

 The district U almost exclusively agricultural, but there are conic 

 manufactures of cotton-yarn, woollens, silks, cotton*, linens, cutlery, 

 fine loathnr. Ac. 



The cmpiUl is Cltvet, formerly also the chief town of the <lucby of 

 fleres, which U pU-asantly situated in 51* 47" 40' N. lat, ' 7' E. long., 

 48 mile* N.W. from DttMaldorf, on Uie Kermisdohl, about a mile 

 from the banks of the Rhine, with which it communicates by the 

 Spoy Canal. It ii walled, well built in the Dutch style, and divided 

 into upper and lower towns; the upper town being built .n 

 three hills the street* are steep and irregular. Formerly it win 

 fortified, and was considered a place of strength until the middle nf 

 the 1 6th century. It contains a Catholic cathedral built in 1 346, with 

 two towers ; three Protestant churches ; a synagogue ; and a royal 

 palace called the Sohwanenburg, the tower of which, built by the Duke 

 of Cleves in 1439, is extremely massive, and being on the highest 

 point of the hill on which the palace stands forms a stately ornament 

 to the town. The palace is now used partly for government offices and 

 partly for a prison. Anne of Cleves, one of Henry VII I.'s ill-fated 

 wives, was born in it There are extensive gardens round the palace, 

 which contains a valuable collection of Roman antiquities found in 

 the town and its environs. Cleves possesses a high-school, three 

 hospitals, a house of industry, house of correction, Ac. The popu- 

 lation is about 8000. The manufactures consist of yarns, cotton 

 goods, silks, woollens, flannels, stockings, linens, tobacco, brass-ware, 

 Ac. There are three squares or open spaces, and in the vicinity a 

 park of about 700 acres, and a chalybeate spring surrounded by hand- 

 some grounds, which was opened in 1742. The place is much 

 frequented by visiters in summer. 



The old duchy of eleven extended along both banks of the Rhine. 

 After the Pranks had driven the Romans from this territory it was 

 governed for a long time by counts. Otho I. united Cleves to the 

 German empire, but it was still ruled by counts as a fief of the empire. 

 Adolphe II., count of Lamarck, having married Mary, daughter of 

 Thierry VIII., last count of Cleves, inherited the county, and having 

 obtained the investiture of it from the emperor Sigismund, assumed 

 the title of Duke of Cleves in 1439. On the death of the Dukn Johann 

 Wilhelm in 1809 the duchy fell to Sigismund, elector of Brandenburg, 

 who had married Anne, niece of the last duke. The house of Bran- 

 denburg held the duchy till 1794, when the French seized it 

 Napoleon I. united the portion of the duchy that lay along the right 

 bank of the Rhine to the grand dnchy of Berg in 1806. These 

 territories were restored in 1815 to Prunia, which formed them into 

 province called for a time Cleve-Berg, or Juliers-Cleve-Berg, from a 

 part of the duchy of Juliers having been united with them. All 

 thus* duchies are now merged in the Prussian province of the Rhine. 



CLIFDEN, county of Oalway, Ireland, in the parish of Omoy and 

 barony of Ballinahinch, a sea-port and post-town, and seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, is situated in 53 30' N. lat, 9 58' W. long., distant 

 47 miles W.N.W. from Oalway, and 178 miles W. from Dublin. The 

 population in 1851 was 1602 in the town, 11 in the bridewell, and 

 639 in the workhouse. Clifden Poor-Law Union comprises 1 9 electoral 

 divisions, with an area of 192,938 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 '- 



Clifden U situated at the head of an inlet of Ardbear Haven, one 

 of the numerous deep indentations of the western coast of Connemara. 

 It stands on the elevated banks of the Owenglen River, a rapid stream 

 demanding from the neighbouring mountain group of the Twelve 

 Pins, or Bins, which form a grand background to the picturesquely- 

 situated town. Clifden owes ita origin to the enterprise of the late 

 Mr. Darcy, who about 1812 erected the first buildings here. It con- 

 ited only of a single two-story slated hoose and a few thatched 

 cabins until 1822, when the new fines of road from the interior being 

 opened by the government, a place for the storage and shipment o< 

 produce was required to accommodate the increasing agriculture of 

 the district Mr. Darcy offering building leases in perpetuity a town 

 aprting up with extraordinary rapidity. In 1835 the revenue was 

 TOOOJ. The potato* blight and consequent famine of 1846 and the 

 nocerdmg years with other causes, reduced the town to a very he! pleas 

 condition. Th* town was cold hi th* Encumbered Estates Court along 

 with th* rest of th* Darcy estates. There are in Clifden a handsome 

 church in the gothic style, a school-house, a large Roman Catholic cha- 

 pel, a diap*iMary and ferer boapital,and barracks for military and consta- 

 bulary. Quarter issrion* for the county of Galway are held in rotation. 

 VsawU of 900 too* can come up to the pier ; and in Ardbrar harbour, 

 outaid* th* inlet of Clifden, is safe anchorage for vessels of any ton- 

 nage. Clifden Castle, the seat of the former proprietor, is finely 

 situated on the northern shore of Ardbear harbour, about a mile 

 west of th* town. Th* mansion is castellated, and presents an imposing 

 and picturesque appearance. A late eminent traveller remarks that 

 th* scenery hen U more Swis* in character than anything he had seen 

 in Ireland. 



(L-wis, TtptyrapUcal Drtimwy ; In ? li% /rrfW M.1834; 

 oflkt flurry Kt'att i* Ike Court for Salt of Enc*u>bertd Etla'a m 

 /rrlW.) 



CLIFTON, Gloucestershire, a suburb, and generally reckoned as 

 forming a part of the city of BRISTOL, and the sent of a Poor-Law 

 I'liion, in the pnrish of Clifton and hundred of Barton Kjn. The 

 population of the parish of Clifton in 1851 was 17,634. The living 

 is a perpetual curacy, with the curacy of Dowry annexed, in the 

 archdeaconry of Bristol and diocese of Gloucester and Bristol Clifton 

 Poor- Law Union contains 12 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 37,189 acres, and a population in 1851 of 77,950. 



Clifton owed ita early prosperity to the Hotwells, whioh made it a 

 favourite reoort as a watering place. It is now much used as a place 

 of residence by the merchants of liristol. Ita name is derived from 

 its situation on the precipitous heights overhanging the river Avon. 

 From these heights are obtained extensive views over rich and 

 picturesque scenery. Clifton parish church, erected in 1822, will 

 accommodate 1700 persons ; there are four other churches in Clifton 

 belonging to the Established Church, and a large Roman Catholic 

 Cathedral The Independents, Baptist*, and Wesleyan Methodist* 

 have places of worship. School* are attached to most of the churche* 

 and chapels. For a further notice of Clifton, see BRISTOL. 



CLITHEROE, Lancashire, a market and manufacturing town, 

 municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Whalley and hundred of Blackburn, lies in 

 the valley of the river Kibble, 216 miles N.N.W. from London by 

 road, 225 miles by railway via Bolton and Manchester, and 26 miles 

 S.E. from Lancaster by road ; in 53 52' N. lat, and 2 3' W. long. 

 The population of the municipal borough in 1851 was 7244 ; of the 

 parliamentary borough 11,480. The borough is governed by a muni- 

 cipal corporation, consisting of 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one 

 of whom U mayor ; and returns one member to the Imperial Parlia- 

 ment. For sanitary purposes the borough is governed by a Local 

 Board of Health. The living is a perpetual curacy in the rectory of 

 Whalley. Clitheroe Poor-Law Union contains 34 parishes and town- 

 ships, with an area of 1 29,990 acres, and a population in 1 851 of 22,367. 



The town is pleasantly situated upon a low outlying hill of mountain 

 limestone. The main street rung along the ridge of the hill, whi.-h > 

 crowned at ita southern extremity by the ruins of the old o 

 Clitheroe, and is terminated at ita northern extremity by the parish 

 church of St Mary Magdalene. The suburbs of Waterloo and Salford 

 are built on the low lands near Mearley Brook, east of the town ; 

 while on the west side a road runs through the suburb of BawdUndx 

 to the detached village and factory of Low Moor, by the side of the 

 Kibble. The name, anciently spelt Cliderhaw, is descriptive of ita 

 situation, a ' hill by the waters.' The family of De Lacy, who came 

 over with the Conqueror, built the castle, which consisted of a keep, 

 with a tower and arched gateway, merely as a fortress. Within tin- 

 walls by which the castle was inclosed was a chapel dedicated to 

 St Michael, which was destroyed when the fortress was dismantled in 

 1649. The Honor of Clitheroe was, for nearly three centuries, a part 

 of the possessions of the duchy of Lancaster, till Charkw II. granted 

 it to General Monk, duke of Albemarle, from whom it has descended 

 to the present proprietor, the Duke of Buccleuuh. 



The church of Clitheroe Uau ancient structure, with a fine Norman 

 arch between the nave and the choir ; it is dedicated to St Michael 

 Besides the parish church, there is a district church of St James, 

 built in 1837. The Roman Catholic*, Independents, and Wesleyan 

 Methodists have places of worship. Contiguous to the churchyard is 

 a Grammar school, founded and endowed by Philip and Mary in 

 1554, at the recommendation of Bishop Bridgman, who drew up the 

 statutes. The annual income from endowment is about 4502. The 

 number of scholars in 1862 was 25. There are National and Infant 

 schools, a mechanics institution, and a savings bank. 



Clitberoe was a borough by prescription as early as the llth 

 century ; but ita existing corporate arrangement* were settled by the 

 Municipal Corporation Act of 1835. 



Extensive print-works and cotton manufactories have been recently 

 established at Clitheroe, which, along with the lime-kilns, provide 

 ample employment The neighbourhood abounds with limestone, for 

 which there is a great demand, as it con now be conveyed by water to 

 any part of the kingdom. The chief establishment in the town is the 

 celebrated print-works of Messrs. Thomson at Primrose Lodge, on th.- 

 south-west margin of the town. A dam has been thrown across the 

 valley of Mearley Brook, to form a reservoir for working the great 

 water-wheel of these works. Attached to the works is a farm of 80 

 acres, supplied with manure by means of sewage refuse, which would 

 otherwise umitaininnte the stream*. There are four cotton factories 

 at Clitheroe. Nearly on.- third nf the total population of Clitheroe, 

 adulta and children, are employed at the five large establishments. 

 The market is on Tuesday : and on every alternate Tuesday there in 

 a large cattle-market Fairs for horses, cattle, and pedlery are held 

 on March 24th, August 1st, the fourth Friday after September 2Mb, 

 '.I |i.T.inlT 7th. On the west of Clitheroe is the celebratal 

 eminence, Pendle Hill, the- summit of which is 1803 feet above 

 the sea, 



(Whitaker, Hatory of Ike Original Parish of Whalley and Honor of 

 Clitheroe; Baines, Lancashire ; Communication from CKtherot.) 



