617 



GLUTTON. 



COBLENZ. 



remain. There ia' a stone bridge over the Grone, and before the 

 revolution there was one religious establishment, besides the abbey, 

 and two hospitals, one for the poor and one for the sick. The inha- 

 bitants manufacture coarse woollens, paper, tiles, vinegar, shoe and 

 glove leather, cream of tartar, and steelware ; they also trade in corn, 

 wine, leather, and wicker-work. The valley affords pasturage, and 

 produces grain and wine : alabaster and jasper are obtained from the 

 neighbouring mountains. 



CLUTTON, Somersetshire, a village and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the hundred of Chew, is situated in 51 19' N. lat,, 2 33' 

 W. long. ; distant 10 miles S. by E. from Bristol, and 118 miles W. 

 by S. from London. The population of the parish of Glutton in 1851 

 was 1480. The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry of Bath and 

 diocese of Bath and Wells. Glutton Poor-Law Union contains 29 

 parishes and townships, with an area of 46,209 acres, and a popula- 

 tion in 1851 of 25,224. The village of Glutton is small, and the 

 houses are not built on any regular plan. The parish church is 

 ancient. There are chapels for Wesleyan Methodists and Independents; 

 also National schools. Goal-mines are worked in the vicinity. 



CLWYD, a river in North Wales, in the counties of Flint and 

 Denbigh. It rises on the eastern declivity of the Bronbanog hills, a 

 ridge belonging to the Hiraetog hills, and its upper course for a few 

 miles ia to the south. It then suddenly turns east-north-east, and 

 continues nearly 8 miles in that direction. About 3 miles above 

 Huthiu it declines to the north, and preserves this course to its 

 mouth. The upper part of its course ia through a narrow valley, 

 which presents some very fine views. Below Ruthin it enters the 

 fertile vale of Clwyd, which extends upwards of 15 miles in length, 

 and is a pretty level tract from 5 to 7 miles wide. Being studded 

 with towns, villages, and seats, covered with verdant meadows and 

 luxuriant fields, and inclosed on every side by brown and barren hills, 

 this vale offers by the contrast a very pleasant view. A little below 

 St. Asaph the Clwyd is joined by the Elwy, which traversing a hilly 

 tract brings to it a large mass of water, and the river below this town 

 increases considerably in breadth. It soon afterwards enters the 

 fertile and extensive marsh of Rhuddlan, called Morva Rhuddlan : 

 3 miles below the town of Rhuddlan it enters the sea through a small 

 actuary opening northward, and forming a port for small coasting 

 vessels. The whole course of the river is about 30 miles ; it is 

 navigable for flat-bottomed boats of about 70 tons up to Rhuddlan 

 quay. 



CLYDE, a river in Scotland, the third in magnitude, but the most 

 important for its commerce and navigation. Its sources lie between 

 55 15' and 55 28' N. lat, where the highest summits of the moun- 

 tain range which traverses South Scotland, the Lowthers (3150 feet), 

 the Lead Hills, Queensbury Hill (2259 feet), and the range connect- 

 ing the latter with Hart Fell (2790 feet), form nearly a semicircle. 

 The rivulets which descend from this range unite in one stream about 

 55 27', and form the Clyde. The largest of these streamlets is the 

 Daer ; but a smaller stream is called Clyde, before the union. After 

 the junction of these streams, the Clyde continues in the direction of 

 the Daer northward to Roberton, 12 miles lower down : in this part 

 of its course the current is very rapid, and preserves the character 

 of a mountain-stream. North of Roberton, the Tintoe Hills (2310 

 feet high) direct its course north-east ; at Biggar it changes to the 

 north-west and north, but its course soon becomes west-south-west to 

 its confluence with the Douglas Water, thus making a large bend 

 round the Tintoe Hills. The valley through which it flows is wide, 

 and the current is so gentle that in some places it is hardly per- 

 ceptible. After the junction with the Douglas Water the rapidity of 

 the stream increases, and immediately afterwards the ' Falls of Clyde' 

 change at once the level and the character of the stream. The first 

 of these falls is Bonniton Linn, a cascade about 30 feet high, which is 

 followed by Corra Linn, where three waterfalls occur near one another, 

 each apparently as high as Bonniton Linn. The rocks on both sides 

 narrow the bed of the river so much, that the waters in some places 

 rush down a chasm not more than four feet wide. Corra Linn is 

 two miles above the town of Lanark. Two miles lower down is the 

 fall of Stonebyres, which also consists of three distinct falls, alto- 

 gether about 70 feet in height. The falls and the scenery near them 

 are extremely picturesque. It is probable that the river in a space of 

 about six miles descends not less than 230 feet, and the valley of the 

 river above the falls may be about 400 feet above the sea. Below the 

 falls, the river, continuing its north-west course, runs in a fine valley 

 to Blantyre and Bothwell, the lands rising in a gentle ascent on both 

 sides. Here and lower down its banks are sometimes bold and richly 

 wooded : sometimes they extend in level plains. At Glasgow the 

 Clyde forms the harbour of the city. From Glasgow to the vicinity 

 of Dumbarton the Clyde runs through a level country. At no great 

 distance from the caatle of Dumbarton the Kilpatrick Hills rise on the 

 north, and the Renfrew Hills on the south. Between these ranges 

 the Clyde forms an testuary, which at Dumbarton is upwards of a 

 mile across, and widens in its progress to the west, being at Greenock 

 more than two miles in breadth. To the west of the latter place at 

 Cloch Point it turns abruptly to the south, and reaches the sea by 

 the two straits which lie between the island of Bute, the Cumbrae 

 islands, and the coast of Ayrshire. The river south of Cloch Point is 

 called the Frith of Clyde, a term which is frequently extended to 



that part of the sea which lies between the island of Arran and the 

 coast of Ayrshire. The whole course of the Clyde, from the source of 

 the Daer to the southern extremity of the island of Bute, is about 

 100 miles. 



CNIDUS was a city of Caria on the south-west coast of Asia Minor, 

 at the extremity of a peninsula between the Sinus Ceramicus, or Gulf 

 of Cos, and the Gulf of Syme, and facing the south part of the island 

 of Cos, which is 10 miles west of Cape Crio, or Triopium, near which 

 Cnidus stood. (Leake's 'Asia Minor;' and Beaufort's ' Survey of the 

 Coast of Caramania.') Cnidus is about 25 miles south of Halicar- 

 nassus. It was a Dorian colony, like Cos, Halicarnassus, and the 

 other towns which formed the Dorian confederation of the Hexapolis. 

 (Herod, i. 144.) Strabo, describing Cnidus, says, " It has two ports, 

 one of which can be closed, and is intended for triremes; and it has a 

 station for twenty ships. There lies in front of the city an island 

 about seven stadia in circuit, joined by the causeway to the mainland, 

 and making Cnidus in a manner two cities, for a large part of Cnidus 

 is on the island which shelters both harbours." The island is now 

 joined by a narrow isthmus to the mainland, and is called Cape Crio. 

 The remains of two moles which inclosed the south or larger harbour 

 are still visible, as well as those of the city walls, and a multitude of 

 other ruins. Leake says that " there is hardly any ruined Greek city 

 in existence which contains specimens of Greek architecture in so 

 many different branches. There are still to be seen remains of the 

 city walls, of the closed ports, of several temples, Stose, artificial 

 terraces for public and private buildings, of three theatres, one of 

 which is 400 feet in diameter, and of a great number of sepulchral 

 monuments." Designs of the most important of these curious 

 remains have been published by the Dilettanti Society. " The site of 

 Cnidus," says Hamilton, " is covered with ruins in every direction, 

 particularly on the north-east side of the harbour. To the south-west 

 are the remains of an ancient quay, supported by cyclopean walls, 

 and in some places cut out of the steep limestone rocks which rise 

 abruptly from the water's edge. The city is inclosed by two walls, 

 one running east and west, the other almost north and south, and 

 united at the summit of the hill to the north-east of the town ; the 

 former is partly cyclopean and partly pseudisodomous, but the style 

 improves as it ascends. The northern part of the wall is very perfect, 

 and contains two or three towers in a state of great preservation ; it 

 is also the beat constructed, being probably of a later date and purely 

 isodomous. . . The walla in the peninsula are also well preserved, 

 containing a round tower of great beauty, at the extremity near the 

 northern harbour." (Hamilton's ' Researches in Asia Minor.') 



Strabo (xiv.) speaks of an observatory at Cnidus, and he mentions 

 among the distinguished natives of the place, Eudoxus the mathe- 

 matician, a contemporary of Plato ; Gtesias, physician to Artaxerxes, 

 who wrote on Syrian and Persian history ; and the peripatetic Agath- 

 archides, a friend of Julius Caesar. He also says that Lipara, near 

 Sicily, was a colony of Cnidus. He says nothing about the celebrated 

 temple of Venus, said by some to have existed at Cnidus, but Cicero 

 mentions, among the numerous works of art seized by Verres, a 

 marble Venus from Cnidus. (' In Verrem,' iv. 60.) 



COBLENZ, a fortified city in the Prussian Rheinland or Rhein- 

 Provinz ; capital of the administrative circle of Coblenz, and of the 

 whole province, is situated in 50 21' N. lat., 7 30' E. long. ; 50 miles 

 S.S.E. from Cologne, 300 miles S.W. from Berlin, and has a population of 

 about 22,060 including the garrison. The city stands in a beautiful situ- 

 ation at the conflux of the Moselle and Rhine, whence the city obtained 

 its ancient name Cmfluenta. The emperor Drusus erected, on the right 

 bank of the Moselle, a castle which subsequently caine into the pos- 

 session of the Prankish monarchs. After the division of the monarchy 

 among the sons of Lewis, in 843, Coblenz fell to the share of Lotha- 

 rius, and was included in Lothringia, which province was alternately 

 in the possession of the French and Germans till it was finally annexed 

 to the Germanic empire by Henry I. In 1018 the emperor Henry II. 

 gave this city to the Archbishop of Treves ; since which period 

 Coblenz has remained attached to that archbishopric, though no 

 longer among its temporalities. It was the occasional residence of 

 many of the German emperors, and it was here that Conrad of Hohen- 

 staufen was elected emperor in 1150. 



Coblenz was anciently fortified with walls and ramparts, traces of 

 which still exist, and this part retained, for many centuries after it 

 had been considerably extended, the name of Old Town. The present 

 fortifications connect the works on the left bank of the Rhine with 

 the citadel of Ehrenbreitstein on the right bank, and render Coblenz 

 the bulwark of Prussia and Germany on the side of France. They 

 form a fortified camp capable of containing 100,000 men, and are 

 constructed on the united systems of Carnot and Montalembert. The 

 approach from Cologne and Trfcves is commanded by the fort Kaiser 

 Franz, which is erected over the grave of Marceau and Hoche. The 

 roads to Mayence and the Hunsdruck are swept by the cannon of 

 forts Alexander and Constantine, which also command the town and 

 are erected on the site of the old Chartreuse. The batteries of Ehren- 

 breitstein and some others erected upon the neighbouring height 

 command the Rhine and the Nassau road. 



Coblenz is very irregularly built, with narrow streets and old 

 houses. In what is still denominated 'the Old Court' stood the 

 Roman castle, which became subsequently the palace of tho Prankish 



