



COIMBRA. 



COLBERO. 



town, at place called Peruru, ia a celebrated temple, dedicated to 

 Iswara, and called Mail (high) Chitumbra, to distinguish it from 

 another Chitumbra near Pondicherry. The idol ia mud to hare placed 

 itoelf here at a very remote period, and about 3000 yean ago the 

 temple wa* built over it by a raja of Madura. Thi building exhibit* 

 a profusion of Hindoo ornament*, but U destitute of elegance, and the 

 figure* are not only rude but many of them indecent also. Thia 

 temple waa plundered of its gold and jewel* by Tippoo, who exoepted 

 it however from the general order which he iaaued for the deatruction 

 of all idolatrous buildings ; and although it* splendour wu then 

 destroyed, the Brahminical worahip haa alwaya been continued. The 

 town waa taken by the English in 1783, but waa restored at the peace 

 in the following year. It waa again taken by the English in 1790, 

 and retaken by Tippoo'a general, but waa transferred with the 

 province to the British government in 1799, and haa since remained 

 in their possession. The travelling distance from Seringapatam is 

 182 mile*, and from Madras 306 miles. 



(Rennell, Memoir ; Mill, Jfittory of Britith India; Buchanan, 

 Jomntryt IMrmtgk Mytort, ttc.) 



COIMBRA, a city of Portugal, capital of the province of Beiro, ia 

 situated on the slop* of a hill near the north bank of the Mondego, 

 in 40' 12' N. lat, 8 25' W. long., 115 mile* N.N.E. from Liabon. It 

 ia the aee of a bishop, suffragan of the archbishop of Brags. The 

 population ia about 16,000. 



A substantial atone bridge here crosses the Hondego, a river which 

 in summer ia very shallow, but in winter and in rainy seasons is wide 

 and rapid, so that it ia only occasionally navigable for small craft and 

 boat*. The harbour for Coimbro ia Figuira, 24 miles distant, at the 

 mouth of the Mondego. 



The city waa formerly strongly fortified, but now ia merely sur- 

 rounded by old walla Banked by a few towers. The interior is gloomy. 

 The houses are mostly old, and the streets narrow, ill-paved, and dirty. 

 There are several squares, with fountains well supplied with water, 

 which ia conducted to th* city by an ancient aqueduct supported on 

 twenty arches. The principal public buildinga are the cathedral, 

 8 pariah churches, the University of Coimbra, a large hospital, a poor- 

 house, the convent of Santa Cruz, now occupied aa a barracks, and 

 other conventual buildinga in and around the city. The University 

 of Coimbra U the only one in Portugal It occupies the palace which 

 formerly belonged to the kings of Portugal. It was originally founded 

 at Liabon in 1290, waa transferred to Coimbra in 1308, removed again 

 to Liabon, and finally transferred to Coimbra in 1527. It consists of 

 18 college*, attended by about 1400 students, and has a library of 

 80,000 volumes, occupying three large hulls. Theology ia taught by 

 8 prof.-snors, canon-law by 9, civil-law by 8, medicine by 6, mathe- 

 matics by 4, and philosophy by 4. There ia a botanical garden, a 

 muaeum of natural history, a chemical laboratory, and an observatory 

 well furnished with instruments. The university ia rich, and the 

 profeaaora well paid. The lecturea are mostly gratuitous. The 

 Benedictine convent baa a library equal perhaps in number of volumes 

 to that of the university, and containing worka of more modern date. 

 The manufactures are chiefly linen and woollen fabrics, earthenware, 

 and comb*. 



It ia doubtful whether the Romans had a town on or near the 

 site of Coimbra. It seems to hare been built by the Goths, from 

 whom it paaaed to the Moon. It waa taken by Henri, count of Bur- 

 gundy, and afterwards count of Portugal, about the year 1100. His 

 son, Alfonzo-Henrique, became the first king of Portugal, and Coimbra 

 became the capital of the kingdom, and so continued till about 1600, 

 when the court aeema to have been transferred to Lisbon. 



The immediate neighbourhood of Coimbra ia delightful, and filled 

 with garden* and country-houses. The tract of country between it 

 and Condeixa, south of the Mondego, ia styled < the fruit-basket of 

 Portugal.' The splendid and extensive monastery of Santa Clara ia 

 aitnatod with ita gardens upon a hill near the aouth bank of the Mon- 

 dgo. In the aame direction, not far from the convent of Santa Clara, 

 ia the Quinta daa Lagrimaa (Villa of Tears), in a romantic acquee- 

 tend spot, whwe Donna Inez de Caatro ia reported to have been 

 murdered. (Camoena, Luaiadaa.') North of Coimbra the country 

 w mountainous. The Sara de Buaaco, an oflaet from the Serra de 

 Aleoba. i. di.tant about 15 mile* N. by E. 



Co IKK, in Komanach Coin, in German Chur, on the site of the 

 ancient Curia RluHomm, the capital of the Swiss canton of Orisons, ia 

 aitoaUd in 4' 40' N. lat, *' 85' E. long, 60 mile* 8.E. from Zurich, 

 in a rally traversed by the Plewar, which here divide* into three 

 anna, and afUr driving several corn and saw-mills, enters the Rhine 

 boat a mile below th* town. It stands on uneven ground, ia aur- 

 rounded by wall* and ditchea, baa narrow and crooked atreeta, and ia 

 altogether a dull looking place. It* position however on the great 

 line of <xnnmnnir*tton between Italy, Switzerland, and Weatern Ger- 

 many fiTM it a considerable share in the transit-trade between thoae 

 countries. Tb* cathedral church of St Lucius, part of which date* 

 from the 8th century, and the biabop'a palace, a curious antique 

 building, are situated in the highest part of the town, and are the moat 

 noteworthy of the public building*. Behind the palace i* a ravine 

 lined with vineyard*, beyond which ia the Catholic seminary. The 

 other habitation* in thi* quarter of the town are occupied by Catho- 

 lic.; the quarter i* incloaed by battlemeotod wall* pierced by two 



fortified gate*. Among the other edifice* are the Reformed ch- 

 St. Martin, distinguished by it* high towers, and the town-house, 

 which contains the public library. Many of the private house* are 

 built in a curious antique fashion. The town haa Protestant and 

 Catholic cantonal schools, and some manufactures of zinc plate*, edge- 

 tools, and shot. Coir* haa given title to a bishop since A.D. 452, and 

 the aee i* perhaps the oldeat in Switzerland. A newspaper i* pub- 

 lished in the town in the Komanach language, a descendant of the 

 Latin. 



COLAPOOR, a small dependent Mahratta state, situated within 

 the province of Bejapore, in the region of the Weatern Glimit 

 Mountains, being partly below and partly within the Ghauta. The 

 territory of the Colapoor Raja i* ao intermixed with that of the 

 British, and of other Mahratta chiefs, that it would be difficult 

 to describe ita boundaries. The state of Colapoor waa founded 

 by Sumbajee, the grandson of Sevajee. In 1728 Sumbajee waa 

 confederated with the Nizam, and accompanied his army to I'oona; 

 and iu 1 731 a treaty waa concluded between the Peiahwa and Sumbajee, 

 by which the country between the Kiatna and Warna, and the Toom- 

 buddra waa to belong to Sumbajee, with half of all conquest* south 

 of the Toombuddra. The territory thus assigned to the raja of 

 Colapoor was then partly in tho actual possession of the Moguls, and 

 partly of other chiefs called Dessyea who had set up for themselves. 

 It was not until the subsequent reign of Madhoo Ras, about the year 

 1762, that the whole waa effectually brought under the raja's power. 

 The Colapoor territory became after this the constant scene of war 

 and turbulence, and a place of refuge for all tho plunderer* and 

 pirates of neighbouring countries. In 1S04 the raja waa at war with 

 the Peiahwa, and after a long straggle, in which the latter succeeded 

 in capturing the chief places in the state, and in reducing the raja's 

 government nearly to the point of extinction, the British government 

 interfered for the establishment of peace, and procured the restitution 

 of hia towns. Thia occurred in 1812, after which the state of 

 Colapoor enjoyed a long continuance of tranquillity from without. 

 In 1821 the raja was privately assassinated in hia palace, and waa 

 succeeded by a son of immature age, during whoae long minority the 

 country fell into a state of great disorder. The young raja, on taking 

 the government into hia own hands, early lost the good esteem of hi* 

 subjects by his exactions and his degrading vice*. In 1825, 1826, 

 and 1827 the raja having committed aggressions in the territories of 

 some Mahratta Jagheerdars under the protection of the English, his 

 territory waa occupied by British troops, and the powers of government 

 were temporarily placed in the hands of a minister appointed by tho 

 governor of Bombay. In each of the yean just mentioned a treaty 

 waa concluded with the raja, but these treaties were broken by him 

 upon every occasion that presented itself. In 1829 a definitive treaty 

 restricted the raja from keeping up a greater force than 400 horse 

 and 800 foot soldiers ; some districts in which ho had committed 

 oppressions against the Zamindars were at this time token from 

 him : British garrisons ware placed in the capital and in the fortress 

 of Punnalaghur at the raja's expenae, and a chief minister for the 

 future management of his government waa to be permanently 

 appointed by, and removeable solely at the pleasure of, tho English 

 government. The Colapoor territory, including its dependencies, 

 includes an area of 3445 square miles, and a population of about half 

 a million; the revenue of Colapoor ia about 55,0(W. a year; that 

 of ita dependencies may be stated thus: Bhowda, 51671.; Inchul- 

 kunjee, 7500/. ; Khagul, 7276J. ; Viahnlgur, 12,314*.; and 113 Surin- 

 jama or minor dependencies, 63,1631. The chief towns are COI-APOOB, 

 the capital, Colgong, Mulcapoor, and Paruellah. 



COLAPOOR, the capital of the state of Colapoor, is situated in 

 16 19' N. lat, 74 25' E. long., about 120 miles S. from Poona, in a 

 valley between a curved range of hills, by which it is protected on 

 three aides, the fourth aide being protected by two hill-forts about 

 10 milea north-west from the town. These forU stand upon rocks 

 about 300 feet above the level of the valley, which present natural 

 perpendicular ramparts of basalt, from 30 feet to 60 feet high. The 

 two fort* are connected together ; one of them, called Punnalaghur, 

 covers a space 84 mile* in circumference, in which area are several 

 dwellings, lofty tree*, gardens, and fine tanks. The works imme- 

 diately connected with the town of Colapoor arc not strong. 



COLBERG, or KOLBEKG, a town and strong fortress in the 

 Prussian province of Pomerania, ia situated about 170 miles N. E. 

 from Berlin, 26 miles W. from Coslin, in 54 9' N. lat, 15 34' E. long., 

 and haa about 8000 inhabitants. It stands on tho right bank of the 

 Persante, which empties itself into the Baltic about a mile below the 

 town, and at ita mouth forms a harbour, which properly consists of 

 two dams, carried out from the banks of the river into the sea, and 

 protected by redoubts. Colberg contains a cathedral, several Lutheran 

 churchea, five hospitals, a workhouse, a house of correction, an 

 exchange, a foundation in a nunnery for seven daughters of noble 

 families and for uine of citizena ; an orphan asylum, a gymnasium, 4c. 

 The inhabitants are engaged in the salmon, haddock, and lamprey 

 fisheries, and in the manufacture of woollen-cloth, anchors, salt, and 

 spirit*. Fresh water ia supplied to the town from a distance by admi- 

 rable but very expensive water-works : the water, which i* raised by 

 a wheel to the height of 40 feet, i* conveyed in pipe* to every part 

 of the town. 



