533 



COLOCZA. 



COLOGNE. 



634 



commencement of the 14th century as a seat of the woollen manu- 

 facture. At present cotton-spinning and the making of printed 

 calicoes and mousselines de laine are the chief occupations of the 

 place. Colne has increased very much in the course of the present 

 century. Several limestone and slate quarries and coal-pits are in the 

 neighbourhood. The Leeds and Liverpool Canal passes near the 

 town. The church is ancient ; it has been several times repaired, the 

 last time in 1815. Several district churches have been erected since 

 1835. The Baptists, Independents, and Wesleyan and Primitive 

 Methodists have places of worship in Colne. The Free Grammar 

 school is of ancient foundation : at this school Archbishop Tillotson 

 was in part educated. There are several National schools, and a 

 savings bank. A county court is held. Many interesting old man- 

 sions are in the neighbourhood. The market-day is Wednesday. 

 Fairs are held in March, May, and October for cattle, and ill Decem- 

 ber chiefly for woollen and fancy goods ; a fair for cattle is held also 

 on the last Wednesday of every month. 



COLOCZA (Kalocaa, Kalotscha), a town in Hungary, is situated in 

 a swampy plain, on a small arm of the left bank of the Danube, near 

 46 32' N. lat, 19 0' E. long., and has about 6000 inhabitants. It is 

 the feat of an archbishop. The most striking buildings are the palace 

 of the archbishop, which resembles a fortress, and contains a library 

 of 30,000 volumes ; and the cathedral church of the Annunciation. 

 To Ui'j archbishopric of Colocza is united the bishopric of Bacs, the 

 metropolitan chapter of which has its seat also here. The town has 

 an archiepiscopal lyceum, with a theological seminary ; a Piarist 

 college, a gymnasium, and a grammar school. The library contains 

 a Manuscript called the ' Colocza Codex of Old German Poems,' 

 supposed to hare been written in the latter part of the 15th century. 

 This valuable work is written and illuminated on beautiful parch- 

 ment, contains 330 pages, and comprises 15 poems, consisting in all 

 of 54,000 verses. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the breeding 

 of hones and cattle, and in the Danube fishery. Steamers plying on 

 the Danube stop opposite Kalocsa. 



COLOGNE (Coin and K61u),an ancient and fortified city in Prussia, 

 capital of the government or administrative circle of Cologne, in the 

 Rhein-Provinz, is situated in 50 564' N - k 6 -. 6 57/ 62 " E - lon g-> 

 212 miles by railway E. from Ostende, 390 miles E.N.E. from Berlin 

 by railway through Hanover and Magdeburg ; and had in 1 853, 1 00,000 

 inhabitants, including the garrison and the suburb of Deutz, on the 

 right bank of the Rhine. The city extends in a crescent-shape along 

 the left bank of the Rhine. It is inclosed by a lofty wall about six 

 miles in circuit, defended by 83 towers, and surrounded with ram- 

 parts and deep ditches. It has 24 gates on the land and water sides, 

 and in front of the 7 principal gates strong redoubts have been 

 erected. Cologne occupies the site of the Oppidum Ubiorum, or 

 chief town of the Ubii, a German nation (Tacitus, ' Ann.' i. 36). This 

 town was a Roman station, and subsequently a column, under the 

 name of Colonia Agrippina, or Agrippinensis, so called by the 

 emperor Claudius in honour of his wife Agrippina, who was born 

 here while her father Germanicus commanded in these parts. Agrip- 

 pina adorned it with an amphitheatre, temples, aqueducts, &c., the 

 ruins of which may still be traced. It soon became a very large and 

 important city, and the chief town of Germania Secunda. Vitellius 

 was at Colonia when he was proclaimed emperor. Trajan also, on the 

 death of Nerva A.D. 98, assumed the purple here. Colonia continued 

 to be the capital of Lower Rhenish Gaul till A.D. 330, about which 

 time it was taken by the Franks ; it was recovered however by Julian, 

 about A.D. 356, and was then a strongly fortified place. The Franks 

 took permanent possession of it in the first half of the 5th century, 

 and Childeric, Chlodowig, and others of their kings resided in it. 

 After a frequent change of masters it was annexed to the German 

 empire in 870. Some remains of the Roman walls are still seen, and 

 the gate called PfafFen Porte is supposed to be the Porta Claudia. 

 Many statues and sarcophagi have been found with the inscription 

 C. C. A. A. Colonia Claudia Augusta Agrippinensium ; and there are 

 many traces of Roman roads in the neighbourhood. The old town 

 of Cologne was that which was inclosed with walls by the Romans, 

 and was called, till near the close of the 1 2th century, ' Ci vitas iutra 

 Coloniam.' About A.D. 1180 a new wall inclosed the suburbs. 



I 'l"gne took part in some of the many disputes which arose in the 

 German empire, and was besieged by Henry V. for its attachment to 

 his father Henry IV. ; and afterwards unsuccessfully by Philip of 

 Swabia, for having proclaimed his rival Otto IV. In 1349 the prin- 

 cipal Jews of Cologne, anticipating the same fearful persecutions as 

 in other place*, shut themselves up with their wives and children, 

 and set fire to their houses ; upon this the surviving Jews were com- 

 pelled to leave the city, and though they subsequently obtained 

 permission to return, they were again obliged to quit it in 1429. 



Cologne was one of the most powerful and wealthy cities of the 

 Hanseatic league. In the 13th century it could muster an armed 

 force of 30,000 men, and its population amounted to 150,000. When 

 the Hanseatic league engaged in a war with England in 1452, Cologne 

 sided with England, on which account it was formally excluded from 

 the league ; but on the conclusion of peace by the treaty of Utrecht 

 in 1474, it was re-admitted to this privilege upon the intercession of 

 the emperor Frederick III. During the whole of this period the com- 

 merce of Cologne was extremely flourishing. In the llth century the 



Cologuese vessels carried Rhenish wines, corn, flour, malt, beer, linen, 

 and other German produce to all countries lying on the German 

 Ocean ai.d the Baltic, to England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, 

 Norway, Sweden, and Russia, and brought back the productions of 

 those countries. 



The trade of Cologne with England at this early period was very consi- 

 derable, and King John conceded to the merchants of Cologne commer- 

 cial privileges rarely granted to his own subjects. Cologne had a large 

 factory in Norway and another in the Netherlands ; and after 1259 

 all vessels navigating the Rhine were obliged to unload their cargoes 

 at Cologne, whence they were conveyed in its own ships. The arts and 

 sciences were equally flourishing, partly it is supposed in consequence 

 of frequent intercourse with Italy; and its university, suppressed 

 during the French occupation of the city, was one of the most famous 

 in Germany. The specimens of its architecture, paintings on glass, 

 sculptures, and pictures, which still exist, attest the perfection which 

 its artists had attained. The manner in which the carnival is cele- 

 brated, and the amusement of the puppet theatre, are proofs of a 

 former close connection with Italy. Intestine divisions, the expulsion 

 of the Jews, the public destruction of its looms, which compelled 

 their owners to emigrate, and various other causes, hastened its 

 decline. Another and perhaps a leading cause of the decline of this 

 city was the closing of the navigation of the Rhine by the Dutch in 

 the 16th century. The restriction was removed in 1837, and Cologne, 

 which is now a free port, trades directly with foreign countries, and 

 sea-going ships are built in it. Cologue ceased to be a free town soon 

 after the first French revolution. The French took the city, shut 

 up the monasteries, and plundered several of the churcnes and collec- 

 tions in the town, which they made the capital of the department of 

 the Roer from 1801 to 1814. At the peace Cologne and its depen- 

 dencies fell to Prussia. 



Cologne is divided into four sections, and is built in a very irre- 

 gular manner ; the streets, many of which still retain their Roman 

 names, are generally narrow, dark, and crooked, and paved with basalt. 

 Of late years however many of the streets have been widened and 

 neatly paved, new houses built and old ones repaired, so that the town 

 is less dirty than it formerly was. A large portion of the area within 

 the walls is now occupied by neglected fields and gardens, the once 

 well-tilled property of the conventual houses. It contains 25 churches, 

 8 chapels, a synagogue, and many other public buildings. The Cathe- 

 dral is the most magnificent monument of gothic architecture ill the 

 world. The name of the architect who furnished the original plan 

 (which still exists), is unknown, but the structure was begun in 1248 

 by Archbishop Conrad of Hochstedten. It is in the form of a cross, 

 500 feet in length and 200 feet in breadth; the roof rests on 100 

 columns, of which the four central ones are 30 feet in circumference. 

 The only part however which was finished until the present century 

 was the splendid choir (which is 180 feet high), with its surrounding 

 chapels and its superb painted glass windows. Of the two towers, 

 which were intended to have been 500 feet in height, one was raised 

 only half this elevation, and the other not more than 21 feet. But 

 by the munificence of the Prussian government, and by means of 

 subscriptions, the works have been pushed on with vigour, especially 

 since 1842, and the body of this magnificent cathedral was solemnly 

 opened in presence of the Archduke Johauu of Austria and the King 

 of Prussia on the 15th of August 1848, the 600th anniversary of the 

 foundation of the building. The choir contains the tombs of Arch- 

 bishop Conrad, its founder, and Mary de Medicis ; and abounds in relics 

 and curiosities, especially the chapel of the Three Kings, which is 

 richly adorned with gold and precious stones. Among the other 

 interesting churches are those of St. Ursula, St. Columba, the Annun- 

 ciation, St. Gereon, and St. Peter, which last contains the Crucifixion 

 of Peter painted by Rubens. The other buildings of note are the 

 ancient Carthusian convent, the town-hall, the Gurzenich, where the 

 several diets of the German empire formerly met, the archiepisocpal 

 palace, the court-house, the exchange, theatre, museum, the Roman 

 tower, &c. Between Cologne and Deutz (which is included in the 

 line of fortifications) is a bridge which rests on 39 pontoons, and is 

 1250 paces long. A bridge is we believe in course of construction 

 between Cologne and Deutz, for the purpose of connecting the rail- 

 ways on each bank of the Rhine. 



Cologne is the residence of an archbishop, and the seat of various 

 public boards. It contains two gymnasia ; has several good libra- 

 ries; collections of Roman antiquities, manuscripts, coins, natural 

 history, &c. ; and a great number of educational establishments. 



The manufactures of Cologne are cotton-yarns, cotton-goods, 

 hosiery, woollens, silks, velvets, tobacco, brandy and spirits, Eau de 

 Cologne, of which above a million bottles are annually exported, &c. 

 Being a free port, and having communication by railway with Belgium 

 and various parts of Germany, Cologne has an important transit 

 trade in home and foreign produce, which has greatly contributed to 

 its present prosperity. In the vicinity of the city are several coal- 

 mines, and abundance of a particularly fine sort of porcelain-earth 

 and potter's clay. Steamers ply regularly between Cologne and the 

 towns along the Rhine. 



Cologne gave title to a bishop from A.D. 314 to the 8th century, 

 when the see was raised to an archbishopric. In the 14th century 

 the archbishops were made Electors of the German empire; they 



