COLO Mill A. 



COH'MIIIA. 



were further styled arrbchauccllors of tlio empire in Italy, mid lull 

 the third rank among episcopal Electors. The last elector of Cologne 

 was Maximilian, who died in 1801. The electorate comprised a large 

 territory ou the left bank of the Rhine, now included in the Khcin- 

 I'mvirz; a portion of the duchy of Westphalia, of which Areneberg 

 wan the capital, aod the county of ReckUnghausen. The orchbiahops 

 of Cologne formrrly reeided at Bonn. (BONN.) 



The government or administrative division uf Cologne comprises 

 an area of 1532 square mile*, and had at the end of 1849 a population 

 f 497,830, of whom about six-sevenths are Catholics. [Kimx- 

 PRO vis i.] 



COLOMBIA u the name which was adopted by the northern 

 countries of South America in 1819, when New Graiuula and Vene- 

 zuela nnited and established one central government for tho puqiose 

 of rtnuting the .Spanish government In 18'J'.' V. m . -u, l.i renounced 

 the union, and constituted itaelf a separate republic. After the resig- 

 nation of Bolirar in 1830 it again joined New Granada; but this 

 union lasted only a short time. In November 1831 a new separation 

 took place, and Colombia was divided into the three republics of 

 IHJR, NKW GRANADA, and VENEZUELA. 



COLOMBO, or COLUMBO, an episcopal city, the capital and neat 

 if tho Rritinh government in Ceylon, is situated on tho western coast 

 of the ialand, in 6' 59' N. lat, 80" 4' E. long., 368 miles S.W. from 

 Madras. The population, which is composed of Europeans, burghers, 

 Malabars, Singhalese, and Moors, besides some Malays, Chinese, Parsees, 

 Caffree*. and I'attongs, amounts to about 40,000. 



The fort of Colombo is on a promontory, two-thirds of the extent 

 of which is washed by the sea. It has a circuit of about a mile and a 

 quarter, and is defended by eight principal bastions, four of which are 

 towards the sea, and three face a lake and command the narrow 

 approach from the town. Towards the land the fort is surrounded 

 with a deep moat, and a lake bordering on the glacis adds to the 

 strength of the place. On the side of the sea, where the surf does 

 not render a landing impracticable, every part is well commanded by 

 the batteries. Inside the fort are several straight and regular streets 

 The residence of the governor, called the 'Queen's house,' u in King- 

 street ; and behind it is the lighthouse, a handsome edifice, the light 

 of which is 97 feet above the level of the sea. The principal govern- 

 ment offices and courts are within the fort ; also an English church, 

 a public library, a medical museum, nn hospital, a lunatic asylum 

 a well-arranged prison, besides hotels and numerous shops. A fine 

 statue of Sir Edward Barnes has been recently erected. 



The lake before alluded to being connected by canals with the 

 Mutwal Kiver, almost insulates tho town. In the centre of the lake 

 is a piece of land called Slave Island, covered with cocoa-nut trees, 

 and easy of access from the town or fort by a small stone bridge. It 

 is the head-quarters of tho Ceylon Itifle regiment 



Colombo has a small semicircular harbour admitting vessels not 

 expending 200 tons. Ships of larger burden anchor in the roads. 

 The town is regularly built, with several streets, tho chief of them 

 running east and west, and the others at right angles to them. The 

 booses are bnilt of cabook, white-washed, and present a good appear- 

 ance. The pittah, or black town, lies on the north side of the fort; it 

 consists of two principal and several cross streets, some of which have 

 a row of lives on each side. 



Among the public buildings are the supreme court-house, and tho 

 various public offices. There ui also a library belonging to the 

 burghers, a small-pox hoitpital, a masonic hall, and a number of reli- 

 gious edifices. Trinity church was consecrated by the Bishop of 

 ho in 1846. There are places of worship belonging to the 

 Wcsleyan Methodists and Baptists, tho Dutch Protestants, and the 

 Itoinan Catholics. The Dutch church, erected in 1746, is a lofty 

 nn 1 n Mil IT, xtanding in the centre of the town. A college 

 was established here. soin years back by tho Bishop of Colombo for 

 training native clcryy, catechists, and schoolmaster*. There are also 

 the government academy or college, and several other schools, a 

 savings bank, and many religious and benevolent institutions. The 

 dkwsw of Colombo includes the whole island. The Bishop of 

 Colombo has now sn allowance of 200W. a year from the East In.lia 

 Company. 



The commerce, external ami internal, which is very extensive, has 

 been noticed under CKYI.UN. The exports to Europe are cinnamon, 

 pepper, coffee, cocoa-nut oil, plumbago, cordage, arrack, cardamoms, 

 eWpoanU' tasks; dm horn., tortoiseshells, ebony, satin-wood, Ac. ; 

 and the imports consist of articles of European manufacture. There 

 an DOW at Colombo large establishments for crushing the cocoa-nut 

 by (team power, aod the manufacture of cocoa-nut oil, besides several 

 L Tbs quantity of cocoa-nut oil now exported to 

 ibo u very great At Colombo are fine cinnamon 



; aod between Colombo aod Kandy U the government botanical 



The dimaU of Colombo, which is very salubrious, has been spoken 

 of tmdsr Cri 



iHAIiKlilvr.lt. [iViuroMHu; NKW Mexico.] 



WMKTH. [l.i-.<.)i.58innt] 



' ' -l.l Ml! MAJOR, ST., Cornwall, a mu-krt town and the teat of a 

 Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Ht Columb Major and hundred of 

 Pydcr, U situated in 60* 24' X. Ut, 5' 1' W. long., distant 12 miles 



W. from Rodmin, and 246 miles W.8.W. from London. The popula- 

 tion of the parish was 2930 in 1851 ; of this number the town 

 bably contains about one-half. Tho living is a rectory in tho 

 archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. St Columb Poor- 

 Law Union contains 16 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 71,1^6 acres, and a population in 1851 of 17,360. 



liimb Major is a small town, but being placed mi the -lope of 

 a hill which commands some interesting views, the situation is plea- 

 sant Tho parish church is a spacious cruciform edifice, and has in 

 the interior some curious specimens of early workman hip, and 

 numerous monuments. The living of St. ( 'olumb Major i.< tlio richest 

 benefice in Cornwall. The Wesloyan and Calvinistic Mcthodint* have 

 places of worship in tho town. The market-day is Thursday ; in 

 summer there is also a market on Saturday. Fairs are held mi tliu 

 I Thursday in mid-Lent and the Thursday after November Kith. In 

 this parish is an extensive, circular encampment called Castlc- 

 ou-djnas. 



COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF, the seat of the government of tho 

 United States, lies on the left side of the Potomac, and is bounded 

 on the N.E., N.W., and S.E. by the state of Maryland ; the Potomac 

 separates it from tho state of Virginia on the Vf. and S.W. l.'nt.il 

 1846 it occupied a square of 100 square miles ; but in that year thu 

 portion of the district on the right side of tho Potomac wax 

 ceded to Virginia, and the area of tbo district is now only 60 square 

 miles. The total population in 1850 was 51,687, including 9973 free 

 coloured persons and 3687 slaves. That part of the district which 

 was on the right sido of tho Potomac was ceded by the state of 

 Virginia, and that which is ou the left side of the same rivc-r, by the 

 state of Maryland, to the United States, July 16, 1790, when it had 

 been determined to establish the seat of the Federal Governs 

 the banks of the Potomac. Washington became the seat of tho 

 Federal Government in 1800. The government of the district is 

 vested solely in Congress. The inhabitants send no representative to 

 Congress, and have no voice in the election of federal officers. 



The surface of the district is diversified by slight elevations ; the 

 soil is rather light and poor. The Potomac receives here a small 

 affluent called the Eastern Branch, and by their junction a \ 

 harbour is formed for tho largest vessels. The tide ascends as far as 

 Georgetown. Excellent coach-roads, railways, and canals iillord 

 every facility for communication with the interior. Agricull- 

 chiefly directed to the supply of tho city market* with vegetabl 

 fruit; but wheat, rye, oats, and maize are raised in oonsid 

 quantities. In 1850 there were in the district 16,267 acres of 

 improved and 11,187 acres of unimproved lands, which top -tin r !-< 

 valued nt 1,730,460 dollars. Tli number of farms was 2G4 ; Up- 

 value of fanning implements and machinery 40,320 dollars. Th.> 

 number of horses was 824, anes and mules 57, milch cows 813, 

 working oxen 104, other cattle 123, sheep 150, and swine 1635. 



In manufactures a capital of one million dollars is invested, and 

 about 1000 persons are employed. There are two iron works, a 

 cotton and a woollen factory, and a large number of small handicraft 

 establishments. ' 



The foreign commerce is inconsiderable. Georgetown is tho only 

 port : most of the commerce of this part of the river \ centred in 

 Alexandria, which lies on the right bank of the Potomac, and was the 

 chief port of Columbia until ceded to Virginia in 1846. Tho numbi r 

 of vessels entered at Georgetown in 1850 was nine, of tho aggregate 

 burden of 1414 tons, and there cleared ten vessels of 1720 tons, 

 tonnnge of tho district amounted to 17,010 tons. The steam marine 

 measured 1949 tons. 



Tho towns of Columbia are WASHINGTON (38 63' N. lat, 7i ' 1' 

 \V. l"iig.), the capital of the United States, and Georgetown. 



Geory*i<rn, the port of Columbia, is separated from Washington by 

 Hock Creek, but the towns are connected by several bridges. The 

 town is built on undulating ground, which rises abovo the !'<' 

 and is backed by heights on which are Humorous handsome villas : 

 the population in 1850 was 8366. Tho town has been much imp 

 of late yearn, and is now a well-built place. It bos several good puMic 

 buildings, one of the mo.-t conspicuous of which is the Human! 

 I'nivcrsity, which II.-X.H 10" student*, a inuHcum, nnd a library of 21, < MMI 

 volumes. A square of five ncrvs by tho river side has a botanical 

 garden in the centre, and on the sides the Itoman Catholic bishop's 

 palace, a neat chape), convent, and schools. There are several 

 churches and schools belonging to different sects, and several literary 

 institutions. On the heights i a cemetery with a neat gothic chapel. 

 In the town are a cotton factory, a rolling-mill, and several flour- 

 mills. The commerce of the port has been noticed above. The 

 Chesapeake nnd Ohio Canal is here carried across the Potomac by a 

 magnificent aqueduct 1446 feet long and 36 feet above high-water 

 mark. It is supported I.y nine massive granite piers: the cost of 

 construction was two million dollars. Georgetown in connected by 

 canal and railway with all parts of the Union. 



The judiciary of Columbia consists of a circuit court, presided over 

 by a chief judge with a salary of 2700 dollars, and two associate 

 judges with salaries of 2500 dollars each ; a criminal court, the judge 

 of which has a salary of 2000 dollars : and an orphans' court, the 

 judge of which has a salary of 1600 dollars. 



COLUMBIA. [CABOIJMA. SOITU.] 



