. 



CONN, LOUGH. 



. ON10B T<< ; r. 



MTnl fino churches, ecclesiastical and royal college*, and 



ha* manufacture* of silks, woollen*, bather, iron, ootton, paper, and 

 hate. The town give* title to a bishop. The French under Napoleon 

 her* routed the Sardinian*, April 22, 17l'S ; and Manhal Soult sacked 

 the town in 1799. Ckenueo, a walled town at the confluence nf the 

 Stun and Tanaro, 30 miles &aE. from Turin, hiu a college, two 

 hospitals, and 8893 inhabitant*, wbo trade chiefly in wine and silk. 

 The town is well built and contain* *ereral Ane building* : it i* quad- 

 rangular in form, and i* luppoaed to occupy an ancient site. Each of 

 the principal street* terminate* in a noble arch. Cherasco i* Rnpplied 

 with water by a canal, which drive* the machinery of several silk 

 faotoriea. The neighbourhood of the town i* famous for it* white 

 truffle*. The chief town* of the other mandamcuti have population! 

 under 6000. 



The Pnrinee of Salotzo occapie* the north-went*- part of the 

 divirion, and contain* 52 comnni. The capital, Saluno, 31 miles 

 from Turin, itand* on the northern slope of a ridge that project* 

 from Monte Vi*o, and separates the waters of the Po from those of 

 the Vraita. It is a large episcopal town, and contains an old castle 

 formerly belonging to the marquise* of Saluzzo, but now used as a 

 priaon ; a handsome cathedral, several other churches, a royal college, 

 an hospital, and 14,426 inhabitants, who trade in the produce of the 

 country, and manufacture silk, leather, hat*, linen, and iron. The 

 part of the town built on the hill is walled ; the lower town is open. 

 Saluzao wa* the capital of the department of Stura during the 

 French occupation of Italy. Raetonigi, a pretty town near the con- 

 fluence of the Qrana and the Mxira, is situated in the most fertile |<urt 

 of Piedmont, and has 10,102 inhabitants. Here i* the palace of the 

 Prince of Carignan, situated in a fine park. Racconigi is a station on 

 the railroad to Fossano, and is 23 miles distant from Turin. t*arigliano, 

 east of Saluzzo, and 32 mile* S. from Turin, stands in a fertile plain 

 watered by the Haira and other feeders of the Po, and has 15,540 

 inhabitants. It is a well-built town, and has a fine market-place, several 

 handsome churches (one of which is collegiate), two hospitals, and 

 silk, linen, and cloth factories. At the end of the principal street 

 a triumphal arch is erected in honour of the marriage of Victor 

 Amadcus with the princess Christine of France. This is a favourite 

 place of residence with the provincial nobility and landed proprietor*. 

 It i* Kurronnded by old fortifications. There are several other towns, 

 but none of them have a population exceeding 5000. 



V, LOUQH. [MAYO.] 

 COX NAM Alt A. [GALWAY.] 



CONNAUQHT, a province of Ireland, containing the counties of 

 Qalway, Mayo, Roscommon, Leitrim, and Sligo. It lies between 

 52* 68' and 64 25' N. lat., 7* 83' and 10 16' W. long. The latitude 

 is about that of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire ; but from its proximity 

 to the ocean the climate is much more moist and variable. It is 

 bounded N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, E. by the river Shannon 

 and the counties of Cavan, Fermanagh, and Donegal, and S. by the 

 county of Clare. Clare, which is now annexed to Minister province, 

 WM at one time a part of Connaught, to which indeed it would appear 

 naturally to belong. The greatest length of Connaught, from Scariff 

 on the border* of Clare on the south to Mullaghmore Head on those 

 of Donegal on the north is 108 miles ; and its greatest breadth from 

 the boundary of Leitrim on the north-east to Slyne Head on the 

 south-west, 118 miles. The area comprise* 4,392,048 acres, of which 

 2,220,960 are arable, 1,906,008 uncultivated, 48,340 in plantations, 

 3877 in towns, and 212,864 acres under water. In 1851 there were 

 712,204 acres under crops, of which 859,807 acres were under com, 

 bean*, and pea*, 151,976 under potatoes, and 65,409 acres under other 

 green crop*. The population in 1841 was 1,418,869; in 1851 It was 

 1,012,008. 



The mountain ranges are distributed round the coast From their 



inland declivities the province has a comparatively level surface to 



the Shannon. This river thus becomes the main drain of the intcr- 



tnediate country. It* chief feeders in Connaught are the Suck and 



the Oan ; the latter discharges the waters of Lough Oara and Lough 



,ey, and the former, a large river, is navigable from its confluence 



the Shannon to Balliforan, a distance of about 20 miles. The 



streams which flow to the ocean are much more numerous, but the 



body of water brought down by them is not so great They take 



chiefly in lakes, which arn distributed through the mountain 



Oalway and May.,, of these Ixmghs <',.rrib, Mak, and 



dtooharg* their nnitod waters southward by Oalway; and 



Mffei iCoon, Arrow, an.) Hilly northward by Ballina, Ballaskdare, 



and Hugo respectively. The rivers which flow westward {, 



lake* of Connamar. and Krri. an, short and rapid in their course, and 



ooopumtively Inconsiderable in the quantity of water; so that with 



rafcnuM to its riven the province may In- .livi.led generally into 



three district*: that of tile Shannon, thai of tho basin of Lomrh 



Corrlh, and that of Uw basin of Longh Conn. The neighbourhood of 



Ballibaoni* in Mayo, about the centre of the province, r,,, 



snmmit-lerel from which thene principal slopes diverge; and linn 



drawn from this point to Scariffon the Knnth-cast, Hligo on tl. 



ouit^and Westport on the west, will be found t<i mark pretty nearly 



the boundaries of <. 



The limestone field of Cnnnaught is very nearly coextensive with 

 the low dirtrict between tho Shannon and the western elevation*. 



The mountain group* that inclose this plain present towards the 

 inland Held successive elevations of sandstone, clay-slate, granite, and 

 quart*, corresponding pretty nearly with the development of the same 

 strata on the opposite side of the island. The limes' N very 



much encumbered with bog, which in Ireland is almost always found 

 to rest on limestone gravel The remainder of the province is more 

 mountainous than any other district of equal extent in Ireland ; so 

 that Connaught, in produce and population, is far behind the 

 province*. 



Connaught was formerly a kingdom of the Irish Pentarchy. Its 

 king* were of the race of O'Connor. It enjoyed a comparative inde- 

 pendence until the year 1690, when it was made shire-ground under 

 the llth Eliz. c. 3!), and divided into six counties, namely, those 

 above enumerated and Clare, which had formerly been part of Munster. 

 In 1602 Clare wa* re-annexed to the latter province, yet so late as 1792 

 remained on the Connaught circuit In the various rebellions down 

 to the end of the 17th century Connaught was the refuge of the 

 fugitive and dispossessed Irish. The Irish language is still 

 prevalent ; and the condition of the poorer classes to this day at 

 the miserable circumstance* which brought the population together. 

 Employment is here more difficult to be obtained than in any of tho 

 other provinces. The loss of the potato crop in 1846, an 

 diminished value as well as amount of agricultural produce conse- 

 quent on that calamity, and on the legislative changes indiio.il by it, 

 completed tho ruin of great numbers of proprietors, and ent. 

 wide-spread concurrent devastation among the occupying ten 

 In the year 1847-8 alone the total number of holdings evicted or 

 thrown up by the occupier* was 26,599, or one-sixth of the entire 

 number of holdings in the province. 



The state of Connaught both physical and moral has been | 

 too generally underrated, though it must be admitted that as a whole it 

 i.H beneath the average state of the three other provinces of Ireland. 

 Numerous projects nave been formed for the improvement of thin 

 province and the development of its great resources. The im 

 inent of the navigation of the Shannon has given a continuous line of 

 water-carriage along the eastern boundary of tho pro\ 



Perhaps the most useful of the various efforts made for the 

 improvement of Connaught has been the introduction or revival of 

 the culture of flax. The quantity grown in 1847 was 10,8G8owt. ; in 

 1851 it was 21,597cwt The system of farming has been jr 

 improved in those district* which have passed through the transition 

 attendant on the change of proprietary and occupants. The main 

 resource* of the province must however for a considerable : 

 continue to rest on the industry of the native race of small farmer*. 



CONNECTICUT, one bf the United States of North America, is 

 bounded S. by Long Island Sound, which separates it from Long 

 Island; E. by Rhode Island; N. by Massachusetts; and W. by 

 the state of New York. It lies between 41' and 48 2' N. lat, 

 71 40' and 73 48' W. long. The form of Connecticut is nearly 

 that of a parallelogram, which is about 85 miles long from east 

 to west, with a mean width of 60 miles from north to south. Tho 

 area is 4674 square miles. The following table shows the increase of 

 the population since 1810. The total population in 



1810 was 262,041, including 6499 free coloured persons and S10 l.ivr. 

 18JO 175,202, 7944 * 



18SO 297,6-5, 8047 tl 



1840 ,, 809,978, 8104 17 



1850 870,793, 7486 



The federal representative population in 1850 was 870,792, which 

 entitled the state to send four representatives to Congress. To the 

 Senate, like all the other United States, Connecticut semi 

 members. 



Coatl-linf, Surface, Connecticut has a sea-coast of about 95 miles 

 along the Long Island Sound, which is indented by several good 

 harbours, of which New London, Stonington, New Ha\en, Hriili- 

 and Norwich are tho chief. The best of the harbour* is 

 London, which is spacious, deep, and not liable to i ' r in 



winter. Stonington and Bridgeport harbour* are protected by break- 

 waters. The Sound admit* of free navigation almr coast 

 of the state for ships of the largest size. There arc lighthon 

 the west side of the entrance to the Thames ; at tho west side of the 

 e to tho Conneetieiit; on Faulkner's Island, off (luildford 

 i ; on a point at the east side .if the entrance to Stoi, 

 Harbour; at Morgan's Point. ne:ir Mystic; on the north 

 Fisher's Island Sound ; mi '. int., at the east side of the 

 entrance to New Haven Harlwur; i I', .int.. -it ''" entrance 

 of Stratford Harlxmr: on Knir- Weather Island, IT :iee to 

 Black Rock Harbour, Kairfi Id ; mi Norwnlk Island, at the mouth of 

 the Norwalk ; mi ; AIM'S Inland; nnd mi North Dmnplin 

 Island, in Fisher's Island Sound. There are also floating lighUhips 



n, and "n Kel-llru-es Si 



The surface of the country is gem rally uneven. 1ml there are no 

 lofty mountains. The principal ranges of high ground, which are 

 continuations of the MassachuifctU mountain ranges, run from 

 to south in the direction of the Housntonic and the Connecticut, the 

 two principal rivers of the state. The Ciiveii Mountain range 

 nates at High Rock, 2 miles N.W. from New Haven. The Lymc 

 range on the east side of Connecticut River separates the lower basin 



