;ANZ. 



CONWAY. 





to merchant* ; but unfortunately these immunities are not enjoyed 

 by too consumer*, or by any claw, and the cultivator of the coil in, 

 or was till lately, the helpless victim of the extortion and tyranny of 

 the goTemmeut officers. 



A city stood here in remote antiquity, the extent of which 

 bably umrked out by the present wall* of the Seraglio. [BrZAKTiuu.] 

 The preeent enlarged city wai founded A.D. 328, by the emperor 

 Constantino, but the llth of May SSO U considered as the birthday of 

 the city. It took its name from Contantinc, who enriched it with 

 treasures of art taken from all parU of the Itoiuan world. Though 

 called the rival of Borne it could never be compared to the Eternal 

 ;n extent or population. The empire of the east of which 

 CoMtantinople waa the capital, commenced with the reign of Arca- 

 diu*, A n. 395. In the fifth year of the reign of Justinian the city 

 wai almoct entirely reduced to ashes, in the memorable sedition of 

 the Nikn. Justinian, who reigned from A.D. 527 to 565, repaired the 

 city, i>f which ho in considered the second founder. The Persians, 

 under Choaroea, maintained a camp in sight of the city from 616 to 

 626, and the Avars more than once during that period threatened 

 Constantinople on the European side of the Bosporus. In the 

 latter year the masterly campaign of the emperor Heraclius deli- 

 Krered the city. The Arabs for the first time besieged Constantinople 

 A.D. 668-075, but baffled by the strength of the walla and the 

 strange effects of the Greek fire, they retired after losing 30,000 men. 

 In the second siege, 716-718, they were again compelled to retreat. 

 The Russians attacked Constantinople in A.D. 865, again in 904, a 

 third time in 941, and a fourth time in 1043. In 1203 the Venetians, 

 under ' the blind old Dandolo,' and the French besieged, and in 1204 

 stormed and pillaged the Imperial City, which then became the seat 

 of the Latin empire till 1261, when it was recovered by the Greeks. 

 The Sultan Amurath II. besieged Constantinople in 1422, but it was 

 not till 1453 (May 29) that it was taken by the Sultan Mohammed II. 

 Constantino XIII., the lost of the Pabeologi, fell in defence of the 

 walls of his capital exclaiming < 8A.w 9aaitlr paAAox tj fqy ' (' 1 had rather 

 die than live';. 



-STANZ (CostniU), the capital of the Baden See-Kreia, or 

 Circle of the Lake, is situated on the southern shore of the Lake of 

 Constauz, in 47 30' X. lat., 9" 10' E. long., and hag about 5000 

 inhabitants. It is fortified in the old style, with a high wall flanked by 

 towers and a broad tiitch, besides bastions on the western side and the 



: the lake. Kreuzliugen, one of its suburbs, separated from it by a 

 ditch, is defended by two bastions ; and Petershauseu, which lies on 

 the other side of the strait that connect* the Bodenaee and Untersec, 

 U united to C'ou.stanz by a covered wooden bridge, on which there 

 are grinding and sawing mill*. In this last suburb U the castle of 

 Petershauaen, a fortress, the works of which have been converted into 

 pleasure-grounds. There is a third suburb, called Paradise, in which 

 John HUSK and Jerome of Prague were burnt The most remarkable 

 buildings in the town are the cathedral, which contains a magnifi- 

 cent high altar; the church of St Stephen ; the Kaufhaus, or mart, 

 once a Carthusian monastery, built in 1388, which contains the hall 

 where the council of Coimtanz sat (1414-18) which asserted its right to 

 claim obedience even from the pope himself, deposed popes Benedict 

 XII I. and John XXIII., elected Martin V., and condemned the tenets of 

 Huss and Jerome of Prague ; and the old Dominican monastery on the 

 Island of Qenf. Constonz U the seat of various official departments, 

 and has a lyceum, gymnasium, hospital, and Dominican nunnery for 

 the education of young females. In the 15th century its population 

 wai above 25,000. The chief occupations ore trade, fisheries and 

 navigation, the cultivation of vineyards and gardens, brewing, and 

 some manufactures of silk, calico, and watches. Steamer* ply 

 between Constant and the different ports on the lake. Coustanz is 

 one of the oldest towns in Germany, and some think tb.it it occupies 

 the lite of the ancient Gauodorum. It was for a long time a free 

 imperial town. A treaty signed here in 1474 between the emperor 

 Sigiimiiud and the Swim confederation put an end to the long struggle 

 between Austria and Switzerland. Constan* belonged to the crown 

 of AiutrU from 1549 to 1SH), when it was transferred to Had,-., l.y the 

 treaty of Pressburg. The bishopric of Constuu/. wan suppressed in 

 Constanz has magnetic communication with Zurich. 



S STA NX (Bodensce Coatnitz), a large lake in the south-west of 

 Germany, on the confine* of Austria, Bavaria, Wiirtcmlierg, Baden, 

 oixl Switzerland. It lie* between 47" 28' and 47* 48' N lat. 9 2* 

 and ' 44' E. long. It is 1283 feet above the level of the sea : iU 

 greatest length, from Bregenz to Bodinann, is about 45 miles; its 

 groaUot breadth, between Konhach and Frisdriehshafen, Is about 

 13 mile*, and iU average depth is 320 fert, the greatest being 9< 

 Th Uke '- wr Lake,, of which the 



Upper, which i< t.y far the most considerable, ext I'.regeni 



to Constant The Lower Lake is subdivided into Lake ZelL or 

 Zellen** (which is about 60 feet deep, and contains the : 

 of Keicbenau, belonging to Baden), anil th<- Lower Lake (Tntcnioe), 

 through which the Rhine flown. The northernmost bight, which 

 contains the island of Miuau, also belonging to Bn-i inland 



of Lindou, is called Lake Bodmer, or the Uebcrlingenee. 'J 1, l.l,;,,.- 

 entcni the lake at Rbeioeck and le.-. .1. Above 50 larger and 



smaller streams empty themselves into Lake Conxtanz. Owing to its 

 great depth it is seldom frozen over, but this has sometimes occurred. 



It has on several occasions been subject to sudden rising* of the 

 waters. .In 1549 it rose four or five times in one hour upwards of 

 2 feet above it* ordinary level ; in 1770 it rose in one hour from 20 

 to 24 feet above the ordinary level. There is a considerable traffic 

 on the lake in corn, timber, cattle, wiue, fruit, &c. About a dozen 

 steamboats ply between the several towns along its shores. Many 

 kinds of aquatic and marsh fowl frequent Lake Coustanz, and . 

 tains a great variety of shell-fish and other fish, particularly trout . 

 carp, and salmon (.Sa/mo miinma). The wine, called lake-wine, grown 

 along the lake, is rough, but becomes excellent when old. The Lake 

 tanz and its environs, present the most varied and picturesque 

 HOenery in Germany. It is mentioned by ancient writer* under the 

 name of Lactu BrigaMiniu. The Helvetians lived to the south ,<[ 

 the lake, the Khtctians on the south-east, and the Vindelicians on the 

 north. In ancient times it was surrounded by dense forests, through 

 which however the Romans carried a rood, traces of which still exist 

 at some distance from the northern shore. Tiberius built a H 

 it in order to attack the Vindilici, whom he conquered in a naval 

 battle fought near an island in the lake, probably the island of 

 Riiehenau. (Strabo, vii. 292.) 



Two railroads now terminate on the north shore of the hike, one 

 at Lindau, which runs through the Bavarian territory to Augsburg, 

 and the other at Friedrichshafeu, which traverses Wiirtembcrg run- 

 ning through Bicberach and Ulm to Stuttgardt Electro- telegraphic 

 wires are laid down along both these lines. 



COXSUEGRA. [CASTILLA-LA-NUEVA.] 



CONVERSANO. [BARI, TEIIBA DI.] 



CONWAY, more properly CON \VY, or as it is sometimes called, 

 ABEU-COXWY (Conwy-Mouth), Caernarvonshire, a market-town, 

 municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Couway and hundred of Isaf, is situated near 

 the mouth of the river Couway, on its left bonk, in i:i 16' N. lot, 

 3 50' W. long. ; distant 22 niifus X.E. from Caeruarv> 

 X.\V. from London by road, and 233J rnilea by the North Western 

 and Chester and Uolyhead railways. The population of the borough 

 in 1851 was 2105. The borough is governed by a mayor and corpora- 

 tion and is a contributory borough to Caernarvon in returning a 

 member to the Imperial Parliament The living is a vicarage in the 

 archdeaconry and diocese of Bangor. Conway Poor-Law Union con- 

 tains 15 parishes and townships, with an area of 35,11)6 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 11,016. 



Some antiquaries consider Couway to be the site of the Roman 

 station Conovium ; others place Couovium at a village now called 

 Caer-Rhun, 6 miles higher up the river. Conway Castle was built by 

 Edward I. in 1283, for the purpose of keeping his \\VI.-li MI'OJ 

 check. In 1290 Edward was besieged here hy the Welsh, under 

 Madoc, and was reduced to great extremity by famine, but he was at 

 length relieved by the arrival of a fleet with provisions. When 

 Richard II. landed in Wales from I i-cland to attack Bolingbroke (after- 

 wards Henry IV. 1, on finding the disaffection of his army and 

 he took shelter iu Conway Castle, whence he was soon afterwards 

 allured and delivered to his enemies. The parliament respected this 

 noble edifice when they dismantled most of the other castles iu Wales ; 

 but the roofs and floors were afterword* removed by the I 

 Conway, to whom it was granted after the Restoration. One of the 

 tower* ha* a large breach in the* lower port, caused by the inhabitants 

 mi In-mining it while digging for slate*. The strength of the masonry 

 has kept the upper part iu its place. 



This fortress, one of the noblest pile* in Britain, i.. in for.-.i nearly 

 a parallelogram, extending along the verge of a precipitous rock on 

 the south-east side of the town : two of the sides are within tin- wail . 

 of the town; the others are washed, one by the t'onway, uin h 

 expands into an (estuary, the other by a small stream which flows into 

 n way. The walls, which are partly covered with ivy, are from 

 12 to 16 feet in thickness, flanked on each of thetv. iihout 



the town by four vast circular embattled tower* with H|CI> 

 rising from them. The grand entrance was on the west, towards the 

 town, but there was a communication with the river by a 

 advanced work and a narrow flight of steps cut out of the r >ek. Tin- 

 interior consists of two courts; the apartments ore only in 

 instances traceable. The state hall was about 130 feet in length, 



i broad, and :tO feet high. The roof wns supported by 

 arches, some of which still remain. The mayor of < 'on way is countable 

 of the castle. 



The town is still surrounded by its ancient wail:, which are 

 strengthened at intervals by 21 towers, beside* 

 the three entrance*. The street* of the town ore i. 

 irregular, and many buildings are in n ruinous condition. i 

 houses a large proportion are constructed chiefly of ti. 

 remarkable building, tailed the IVi* V . .M.in.-ioii, is an 



o'ject of much interest It is in the Elizabethan Myle, and was 

 erected in 157'!. Tho room* are profusely ornamented with figures, 

 coats of arms, scrolls, &:. ami M>me are carved iu oak. 1 

 similar description onr, - i. in the 



turret a fine view of the town and viemity in obtai:. 

 ehnrcli, which Htands near the i -entro of the town, occupies the nite of 

 the conventual church ot Minded here in 1 i 



, n up .lorwerth, prince of Wales. The church is a venerable 



