COBK. 



CORNWALL. 



- i 



the Cork Library Society ; the Mechanics Institute ; the Agricultural, 

 iTlunil, and (.'iivu-riaii societies; and an Art -l'ni..n. The Cork 

 Institution in established in the old custom-house, a Urge brick 

 hml. ling on the northern branch of the river, where there is a library, 

 an observatory, a museum of physical and experimental philooophy, and 

 a gallery of casts from the antique. The oasts in the museum of the 

 institution were originally presented by King Qeorge IV. to the Cork 

 Society of Arts. This society was for a time eminently successful, 

 and numbers among its former pupils some of the most distinguished 

 artists of the day in painting and sculpture, for which arts the Cork 

 youths are considered to possess a natural genius. The former botanical 

 gardens attached to the Cork Institution, situated on the south-eastern 

 outskirts of the city, near the workhouse, were purchased by the very 

 Rev. Mr. Mathew, and hare been converted into a cemetery on the 

 plan of that of Pere la Chaise at Paris. 



Of the charitable institutions the principal until the new Poor Law 

 superseded it was the Foundling hospital, originally intended as a 

 workhouse. The hospital derived its income from a tax of one 

 Killing per ton on all coals that came into the harbour. This impost 

 is now abolished. Skiddy's almshouses, Bertridge's charity, the Blue- 

 Coat hospital, and Green-Coat hospital, are charitable foundations in 

 which relief is extended solely to Protestants. There are also two 

 infirmaries and a Kcver hospital, two Lying-in hospitals, two Houses of 

 llefuge for destitute females, a general dispensary, and a number of 

 minor charities and benevolent institutions. A sum of 30,0002. was 

 in 1833 bequeathed by a Mr. Lapp for the support of the aged 

 Protestant poor of the city. 



The river banks from a distance of several miles above the city to 

 Cork Harbour, are richly planted and studded with villas. The scenery 

 from Cork to Passage by the river is particularly fine, the banks on 

 both sides being continuously occupied with the ornamental planting 

 and pleasure-grounds of a series of villa residences. Blackrock Castle, 

 a picturesque tower used by the corporation of Cork as conservators 

 of the river, and serving as a lighthouse, is situated about four miles 

 below the city on the southern bank of the river, and is surrounded 

 by scenery of great luxuriance. Below Blackrock Point the Lee 

 forms a sheet of water called Lough Hahon, which is crossed at its 

 narrowest part by a ferry between Passage and Great Island, and 

 three miles farther south expands into the noble land-locked harbour 

 of fork. The northern portion of the basin of which Cork Harbour 

 proper forms only a portion, is occupied by Little Island, Foaty 

 Inland, and Great Island, separated from one another and (on all 

 sides but the south) from the mainland by narrow actuaries. The 

 expanse of deep water included between Great Island and the southern 

 shore of the basin is from 2 to 3j miles .from north to south by from 

 2 to miles from east to west. The entrance from the sea is 2 mile.s 

 long and three-quarters of a mile broad, and is defended by Carlisle 

 fort at the eastern entrance and Camdeu fort at the western entrance. 

 Spike Inland, Rocky Island, and Hawlbowliuo Inland lie on the western 

 side of the harbour, and are occupied respectively by a convict depot 

 and strong fortifications, a powder magazine, and naval and ordnance 

 stores and warehouses. On the south side of Great Island, over- 

 looking the inner harbour, is Cove, now Qucenstown. Here is 

 unlimited anchorage for the largest ships. [QuEENSTOWX.J Within 

 the last few years great improvements have been made in the 

 navigation of the river, and vessels of 600 tons can now unload 

 at the quays. Belonging to the port are 140 pilots, who are 

 under the care of the harbour commissioners. The number and 

 tonnage of vessels registered as belonging to the port on December 

 81st 1862 were: Under 60 tons, 160 sailing vessels, tonnage 3672 ; 

 above 60 tons 232, tonnage 41,608 : steam vessels, under 60 tons 7, 

 tonnage 214 ; above 60 tons 16, tonnage 4671. The number and 

 tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the port during 1852 

 were : Costwise, sailing vessels, inwards 1670, tonnage 186,657 ; out- 

 wards 1200, tonnage 84,465 : steam vessels, inwards 249, tonnage 

 100,042; outwards 266, tonnage 102,145. Colonial, inwards 53 

 vessel*, tonnage 14,888; outwards 75, tonnage 19,588. Foreign, 

 inwards, British vessels 202, tonnage 89,675; foreign vessels 162, 

 tonnage S7.9S8 : outwards, British vessels 62, tonnage 12,494 ; foreign 

 vessels 142, tonnage 33,608. 



The school of 8t Barr is supposed to have first drawn inhabitants 

 to the locality. The city walls were built by the Danes in the 9th 

 century, and afterwards repaired by King John. About 1 620 Cork was 

 counted the fourth city of Ireland, being inferior both to Watorford 

 and Limerick. In 10VO it endured a siege conducted by the Duke of 

 Harlborougb, with a force of about 10,000 foot and 1200 horse, against 

 which it held out for five days. The city has increased greatly since 

 UM beginning of the last century. The island was formerly inter- 

 sected by numerous canals, which have been arched over from time 

 to time, and now form the principal modern streets. Tho Grand 

 Parade was thus formed in 1780; Patricktitraet in like manner in 

 1783; and Nil.-*trr.-t in 170.'. The South Hall, the best street in 

 nod Nelson's Place, had a similar origin. The insular appearance 

 of the central part of the city is thus in great measure removed. 



nied by the gradual 

 . These improve- 

 appearance of the 

 city is somewhat marred by the practice of weather-slating the 



o te centra pa o te cy s tus n great measu 

 The enlargement of the city has been accompanie 

 draining and reclaiming of the adjoining marshes. 

 ments were chiefly effected about 1720-30. The 



street fronts of many of the houses. The stone generally employed 

 in building is clay-slate of a dark colour. 



A considerable amount of trade is carried on in Cork. Tin- 

 import trade is that of timber, of which the annual average is 15,000 

 tons. The principal articles of export are bacon, butter, com, live 

 stock, provisions, and linen. Cork butter hold* a very high character 

 in the market, chiefly owing, it is said, to the superior cooperage of 

 the casks. Manufactures of glass, metal castings, gloves, leather, and 

 woollen cloth are carried on. There are numerous and very extennive 

 distilleries and breweries, and a large manufacture of flour inenl 

 foreign and colonial trad* is principally with 1'urtugal, the M 

 ranean, the Baltic, and Canada. The amount of customs dn' 

 1851 was 236,5311. The city is the assize town for the couv 

 Cork and is on the Munster circuit. 



The see of Cork is in the archdiocese of Dublin and Cashel. 

 chapter consists of a dean, chanter, chancellor, treasurer, 

 and 12 prebendaries. The dioceie stretches across the central d 

 of the county of Cork, and includes the county of the city. It 

 extend* in length, from east to west 74 miles, and from north to 

 south Iti miles. It contains 83 parishes, constituting 77 benefices. 

 The foundation of the see is ascribed to St. Barr, about the beginning 

 of the 7th century. It became united to Cloyue about 1164,. 

 continued till 1586, when together with Cloyne it was ium> 

 the diocese of Ross. In 1678, these dioceses were again d. 

 and Ross going together, and Cloyne forming a separate diocese. By 

 the Act 3rd and 4th Win. IV. c. 37, called the Church Temporalities 

 Act, these sees again became united, and the income of the bishop 

 was fixed at 24981. per annum. 



(Ordnance Surrey Mn/i ; Smith, Jfittory of the County of Cork; 

 Lewis, Topographical Dictionary ; Thorn, Jriik Almanac.) 



CORNOUAILLES, a county in Basse-Bretagne, in France, of which 

 Quimper-Corentin was the capital. It comprised the 

 Quirnper and St-Pol-de-Leon, and is now divided among the degtart- 

 menU of C6tes-du-Nord, Finistere, and Morbihou. In the t 

 Julius Caesar this district was inhabited by the Curiosoliti and the 

 Osismii. The name some derive from 'Cornu G.illi.i.-' t 

 Gaul), others from the English ' Cornwall,' whence they say a number 

 of the ancient Britons emigrated to this part of liretague. 



CORNUS. [AVEVBOK.] 



CORNWALL, an English county, forming the south-west extremity 

 of the island of Great Britain. The form of the county a)i|>i 

 that of a right-angled triangle, of which a line about 7u miles long, 

 drawn east-north-east and west-south-west from Peulee Point 

 entrance of Plymouth Sound to the Land's End, may be regarded as 

 the base ; another line 42 miles long, drawn north-north-west and 

 south-south-east from Peulee Point to the north-east corner u( the 

 county as the perpendicular; and a line 81 miles long drawn 

 east and south-west from the last-mentioned jKiiut to the L:m-i 

 as the hypotheuuse. Cornwall lies between 49 56' and 60 66' N. lat., 

 4 7' and 6" 42' W. long. The area of the county, exclusive of the 

 Seilly Isles, is 1365 square miles, being rather legs than the area of 

 the triangle above described. The population of Cornwall, including 

 the Seilly Islands, was 355, 558 in 1651, being 259 persons to a square 

 mile, the general average for England and Wales being 307 persons to 

 a Mjuare mile. 



The only county with which Cornwall is conterminous is Devonshire, 

 which bounds it E.N.E. ; on all other sides it is surround. I by the 

 ocean. The north-west coast is high and roeky. 

 the border of Devonshire it runs south by west, and fon 

 shallow bays (Bude Bay and Widemouth Bay), succeeded by tho 

 headlands Dazard Point, Castle Point, Peukcnuer Point, and Corn- 

 beak. From Carnbeak the coast runs south-west and forms 

 several headlands, TinUgcl Head being tho principal ; and several 

 small bays as far as Pentire and Stepper Points, near the mouth r 

 the river Alan or Camel, the entrance of which forms the ha 

 Padstow. A few mil.-* W.S.W. from these is Trevose Head, the 

 most prominent headland on this side of the county : this i suc- 

 ceeded by Constantino, Watergate, and Towan bays, Towan I 

 Fistal, Cranstock, and Holywell bays, Peuhale Point, Ligger or I 

 Bay, and St. Ives' Bay, Gurnard's Head, Cape Cornwall, i 

 Peden-Mcau-Duo Points, the lost of which is less than a mile from t Li- 

 Land's End. The general direction of the coast from Trevose HIM- I 

 to Cape Cornwall is south-west; from Cape Cornwall to tin- ! 

 Knd duo south. Along this side of the county are scattered - 

 islets and insulated rock n that is worthy of notice. (HI' 



the Land's End are the Seilly Islands, a numerous and not 

 portant group. [SULI.Y ISLANDS.] 



The coast from land's End to Plymouth Sound in marked by 

 bolder promontories and deeper bays, and has more frequent ii 

 of low and shelving beach. From the Laud's End to Mount 

 the coast forms a line convex to the ocean, broken by a number of 

 Htnall headlands with intervening coves. Mount's Bay takes its name 

 from St. Michael's Mount, a remarkable insulated rock oppori 

 town of Marazion, and eunnerted with tho mainland by a can 

 over the sands; Cuddan Point t< ; 



bay. From Cuddan Point the coast runs south-east to the I.i/ard, 

 the most southern point of England : and thence turning north-east 

 forms tho headlands of louis Head, black Head, ChyttaLs Point, 



