Kt 



CORK. 



CORNWALL. 



' 



the Cork Library Society ; the Mechanics Institute ; the Agricultural, 

 Horticultural, ;uid Cuvieruui societies; and an Art-Union. The Cork 

 Institution is established in tho old custom-house, a large brick 

 building on the northern branch of the river, where there is a library, 

 an observatory, a museum of physical and experimental philosophy, and 

 a gallery of casts from the antique. The casts in the museum of the 

 institution were originally presented by King George I V. to the Cork 

 Society of Art*. This society was for a time eminently successful, 

 and numbers among its former pupils some of the most distinguished 

 artists of the day in painting and sculpture, for which arts the Cork 

 youths are considered to ponesi a natural genius. The former botanical 

 gardens attached to the Cork Institution, situated on the south-eastern 

 outskirts of the city, near the workhouse, were purchased by the very 

 Rev. Mr. Mathew, and have been converted into a cemetery on the 

 plan of that of Pere U Chaise at Paris. 



Of the charitable institutions the principal until the new Poor Law 

 superseded it was the Foundling hospital, originally intended as a 

 workhouse. The hospital derived its income from a tax of one 

 hilling per ton on all coals that came into the harbour. This impost 

 is now abolished. Skiddy's almshouses, Bertridge's charity, the Blue- 

 Coat hospital, and Green-Coat hospital, are charitable foundations in 

 which relief is extended solely to Protestants. There are also two 

 infirmaries and a Fever hospital, two Lying-in hospitals, two Houses of 

 Refuge for destitute females, a general dispensary, and a number of 

 minor charities and benevolent institutions. A sum of 30,0002. was 

 in 1833 bequeathed by a Mr. Lapp for the support of the aged 

 Protestant poor of the city. 



The river banks from a distance of several miles above the city to 

 Cork Harbour, are richly planted and studded with villas. The scenery 

 from Cork to Passage by the river U particularly fine, the bonks on 

 both sides being continuously occupied with the ornamental planting 

 and pleasure-grounds of a series of villa residences. Blockrock Castle, 

 a picturesque tower used by the corporation of Cork as conservators 

 of the river, and serving as a lighthouse, is situated about four miles 

 below the city on the southern bank of the river, and is surrounded 

 by scenery of great luxuriance. Below Blackrock Point the Lee 

 forms a sheet of water called Lough Mahon, which is crossed at its 

 narrowest part by a ferry between Passage and Great Island, and 

 three miles farther south expands into the noble land-locked harbour 

 of Cork. The northern portion of the basin of which Cork Harbour 

 proper forms only a portion, is occupied by Little Island, Footy 

 Island, and Great Island, separated from one another and (on all 

 aides but the south) from the mainland by narrow actuaries. The 

 expanse of deep water included between Great Island and the southern 

 bore of the basin is from 2 to 3] miles from north to south by from 

 3 to 6 miles from east to west. The entrance from the sea is 2 miles 

 long and three-quarters of a mile broad, and is defended by Carlisle 

 fort at the eastern entrance and Caindeu fort at tho western entrance. 

 Spike Island, Rocky Island, and Huwlbowliiiu Island lie on the western 

 side of the harbour, and are occupied respectively by a convict depot 

 and strong fortifications, a powder magazine, and naval and ordnance 

 tores and warehouses. On the south side of Great Island, over- 

 looking the inner harbour, is Cove, now Queenstown. Here is 

 unlimited anchorage for the largest ships. [QuEEHgTOWif.] Within 

 the last few years great improvements have been made in the 

 navigation of the river, and vessels of 600 tons can now unload 

 at the quays. Belonging to the port are 140 pilots, who are 

 under the care of the harbour commissioners. The number and 

 tonnage of vessels registered as belonging to the port on December 

 31st 1862 were: Under 60 tons, 160 sailing vessels, tonnage 3672 ; 

 above 60 tons 232, tonnage 41,608 : steam vessels, under 50 tons 7, 

 tonnage 214 ; above 50 tons 16, tonnage 4671. The number and 

 tonnage of vessels which entered and cleared at the port during 1852 

 were : Costwise, sailing vessels, inwards 1670, tonnage 185,657 ; out- 

 wards 1266, tonnage 84,465 : steam vessels, inwards 249, tonnage 

 100,042; outwards 256, tonnage 102,145. Colonial, inwards 63 

 vowels, tonnago 14,888; outwards 75, tonnage 19,536. Foreign, 

 inwards, British vessels 202, tonnage 89,675; foreign vessels 162, 

 tonnage 87,988 : outwards, British vessels 62, tonnage 12,494 ; foreign 

 ventl* 142, tonnage 33,608. 



The school of St Barr is supposed to have first drawn inhabitants 

 to the locality. The city walls were built by the Danes in ti 

 century, and afterwards repaired by King John. About 1 620 Cork was 

 counted the fourth city of Ireland, being inferior both to Waterford 

 and Limerick. In 1690 it endured a siege conducted by the Duke of 

 Marlborough, with a force of about 10,000 foot and 1200 horse, against 

 which it held out for five days. The city has increased greatly since 

 the beginning of the hurt century. The island was formerly inter- 

 sected by numerous canals, which have been arched over from time 

 to tune, and now form the principal modern streets. The Grand 

 Parade was thus formed in 1780; Patrick-street in like manner in 

 1788; and \il.-rtroetiu 1795. The South Mall, the best street in 

 Cork, and Nelson's Place, had a similar origin. The insular appearance 

 of the central part of the city is thus in great measure removed. 



The enlargement of the city has been accompanied by the gradual 

 draining and reclaiming of the adjoining marshes. These improve- 

 ments went chiefly effected about 1720-30. The appearance of the 



city is somewhat marred by the practice of weather-slating the 



:ronts of many of the houses. The stone gem-rally employed 

 in building is clay-slate of a dork colour. 



A considerable amount of trade is carried on in Cork. Tho 

 import trade is that of timber, of which the annual average is 15,000 

 tons. The principal articles of export are bacon, butter, com, live 

 stock, provisions, and linen. Cork butter holds a very high character 

 in the market, chiefly owing, it is said, to the superior cooperage of 

 the casks. Manufactures of glass, metal castings, gloves, leather, and 

 woollen cloth are carried on. There are numerous and very extensive 

 distilleries and breweries, and a large manufacture of flour meal. The 

 foreign and colonial trad* is principally with Portugal, the Mediter- 

 ranean, the Baltic, and Canada. The amount of customs duties in 

 1851 was 236,5312. The city U the assize town for tho con- 

 Cork and is on the Haunter circuit. 



The see of Cork is in the archdiocese of Dublin and Cashel. Tin- 

 chapter consists of a dean, chanter, chancellor, treasurer, archdeacon, 

 and 12 prebendaries. The diocese stretches across the central district 

 of tho county of Cork, and includes the county of the city. It 

 extend* in length, from east to west 74 miles, and from north to 

 south 16 miles. It contains 83 parishes, constituting 77 benefices. 

 The foundation of the see is ascribed to St. Barr, about the beginning 

 of the 7th century. It become united to Cloyue about 1464, and so 

 continued till 1566, when together with Cloyne it was annexed to 

 the diocese of Ross. In 1678, these dioceses were again divided, Cork 

 and Ross going together, and Cloyne forming a separate diocese. By 

 the Act 3rd and 4th Wm. IV. c. 37, called the Church Temporalities 

 Act, these sees again became united, and the income of the bishop 

 was fixed at 24981. per annum. 



(Ordnance Survey Map; Smith, Uittory of the County of Cork; 

 Lewis, Topographical Dictionary ; Thoui, frith, Almanac.) 



CORNOUAILLES, a county in Bssse-Bretagne, in France, of which 

 Quimper-Coruntin was the capital It comprised the dioceses of 

 Quiinper and St.-Pol-de-Leou, and U now divided among the depart- 

 ments of C6tes-du-Nurd, Finistere, and Morbihou. In tin* t 

 Julius Caesar this district was inhabited by the Curiosoliti ami t!- 

 Oaismii. The name some derive from 'Coruu Gallue' (extn-i. 

 (.iaul), others from the English 'Cornwall,' whence they say a number 

 of the ancient Britons emigrated to this part of Brctugue. 



CORNUS. [AVEYROK.] 



CORNWALL, an English county, forming the south-west extremity 

 of the inland of Great Britain. The form of the county appi 

 that of a right-angled triangle, of which a line about 70 miles long, 

 drawn east-north-east and west-south-west from 1'eulee Point at tho 

 entrance of Plymouth Sound to the Laud's End, may be regarded as 

 the base ; another line 42 miles long, drawn north-north-west and 

 south-south-east from Penlee Point to the north-cast corner of tho 

 county as the perpendicular; and a line 81 miles long drawn t 

 east and south- west from the last-mentioned point t 

 as the byiratheuuse. Cornwall lies between 49 66' and 60 :>>',' X. hit., 

 4 7' and 5 42' W. long. The area of the county, exclusive of tho 

 Scilly Isles, is 1365 square miles, being rather less than the area of 

 the triangle above described. The population of Cornwall, including 

 the Scilly Islands, wag 355,558 in 1651, being 259 persons to a square 

 mile, the general average for England and Wales being 307 persons to 

 a * qnare mile. 



The only county with which Cornwall in conterminous is Devonshire, 

 which bounds it E.N.E. ; on all other sides it is surrouna 1 l.y the 

 ocean. The north-west coast is high and rocky. Tracing it 

 the border of Devonshire it runs south by west, and forms two very 

 shallow bays (Bude Bay and Wideinouth Bay), succeeded by tho 

 headlands Dazard Point, Castle Point, Penkeuuer Point, and Cam- 

 beak. From Carubeak the coast runs south-west and forms 

 several headlands, Tintagel Head being tho principal ; and several 

 small bays as far as Peutire and Stepper Points, near the mouth i 

 the river Alan or Camel, the entrance of which forms the li.. 

 Padstow. A few miles W.S.W. from these is Trevose 1 1.!, t In- 

 most prominent headland on this side of the county : this i suc- 

 ceeded by Constantino, Watergate, and Towan bays, Towan ! 

 Fistel, Cranstock, and Holywell bays, Penhalo Point, LigK 

 Bay, and St. Ives' Bay, Gurnard's Head, Cape Cornwall, Pol| 

 Peden-Mean-Due Points, the lost of which is less than a mile from t !,. 

 Land's End. The general direction of the coast from Trevose Head 

 to Cape Cornwall is south-west ; from Cape Cornwall to the I 

 End duo south. Along this side of tho county are scattered .- 

 islets and insulated rocks, but nothing that ia worthy of notice. OH' 

 the Land's End are the Scilly Islands, a numerous and not unim- 

 portant group. [.SriLi.Y ISLANDS.] 



The coast from ]>and'a End to Plymouth Sound is mark 

 bolder promontories and deeper bays, and has more frequent in' 

 of low and shelving beach. From the Laud's End to Mount's Ilay 

 the coast forms a line convex to the ocean, broken by a number of 

 Hinall headlands with intervening coves. Mount's liny takes its name 

 IV. mi St. Michael's Mount, a remarkable insulated rock opposite the 

 town of Maraziou, and c.nin.-, tv 1 with tho mainland by a causeway 

 over the sands; Cuddan Point forms tho eastern 1 

 bay. From Cuddsu Point the coast runs south-east to tho Lizard, 

 the most southern point of England : and thence turning north-east 

 forms the headlands of lonis Head, block licod, Chyn-iU Point, 



