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CORNWALL. 



CORNWALL, 



of hill doping down to the Fl, over which there is a bridge. The 

 parish church uf Cub; U in the upper part of the town. The market 

 is on Saturday. From the time of Queen- Elisabeth two member* 

 were returned to parliament from Tregony until the borough was 

 disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. Tregony U considered to 

 hare bean a Roman station, Cenium or Voluba. 



TywafdretOt, popuUtion of the pariah 3267, situated about 5 miles 

 S. by W. from Lostwithirl, bat increased considerably within the but 

 30 yean in consequence of the success of mining operations. A 

 Benedictine priory formerly existed here. Beaidei the paruh church, 

 there are a National school, a port-office, and a morketrhouse. 



H'adekridyr, population about 850, is situated at the head of the 

 atoary and on both aidei of the river Camel or Alan, about li miles 

 N w. from Bodmin, and 239 mile* W.S.W. from London. The river 

 Alan u here eroawd by a bridge of 17 arches, which was erected in 

 the time of Edward IV., chiefly through the exertions of the then 

 vicar of Kgloahayle, who also left an annuity to keep it in repair. In 

 the town are a Proprietary Episcopal chapel, chapels for Wesleyan 

 and Association Methodists and Independents, National schools, a 

 library, and a saving* bank. The market is held on Friday ; fairs are 

 held on Hay 12th, June 22nd, and October 10th. A railway from 

 Wadebridge to Bodmin affords facilities for conveying the produce of 

 the copper and iron mine* for shipment at Wodebridgc, mid for 

 carrying to the interior the imports received at the port, as well aa 

 eea-eand to be used as manure. Some corn is exported ; the river is 

 navigable for Teasels of 150 tons burden. 



The following are among the more important villages, with the 

 population in 1851, and a few other particulars : 



Jlutle, written also Iludrharrn, and Jludtham, population of the 

 parish of Stratton, in which it is situated, 1696, is a small bathing 

 village on the north-west coast, 14 miles N.W.by N. from Launcestou. 

 It is much frequented in summer. The formation of the canal from 

 Bude to Launceston, commenced in 1819, has been productive of 

 much advantage to the district The canal has its outlet here into a 

 shallow bay, in which a great accumulation of sand constantly takes 

 place. At low water the farmers remove the sand in immense quan- 

 tities to be used for manure. As much as 4000 horse loads has been 

 carried off in one day. The carriage of sand to the inland parts of 

 the county forms a considerable part of the traffic on the canal 

 From the heaviest MM the bay is sheltered by an embankment. In 

 Bnde village is the residence of Mr. Ourney, the inventor of the Bude 

 light Kiti-kampltm, formerly written A'llJtaiuIand, population of the 

 parish 1221, U near the border of the county, 16 miles N. by W. from 

 Launceston. The extensive reservoir of the Bude Canal is partly in 

 this pariah. The pariah church, an ancient structure, is said to be 

 one of the finest in Cornwall. The south doorway is remarkable for 

 its curious mouldings and numerous grotesque heads. In the church 

 is a handsome monument to Sir Bevillo Orenvillo. The Rev. James 

 Uervey, when curate of this parish, wrote here his 'Meditations 

 among the Tombs.' Landeirednatk, population of the parish 430, 

 60 miles 8.W. by 8. from Bodmin. In this parish, which is the most 

 southerly in England, the Lizard Point is situated. The church has 

 a Norman doorway and inscribed front in good preservation. An 

 ancient cross constructed of granite stands between the church and 

 Lizard Point On the coast are some magnificent caverns and bold 

 and picturesque cliffs. JUillbrook, population of the parish of Maker, 

 in which it is situated, 2822, forms with Dodbrook in Devon one 

 town. There is here a new district chapel. A portreeve is elected 

 annually. From the summit of Maker tower an extensive and beauti- 

 ful prospect is obtained. Monrimtow, population of the parish 1094, 

 is situated on the coast, in the most northerly parish of the county. 

 The church, which is a good-sized building, stands near the shore ; 

 its site commands an extensive sea-view. The cliffs here rise to the 

 height of 420 feet ; the coast is dangerous for vessels. St. Keot, popu- 

 Ution of the pariah 1628, is 4 milesN.W. from Liskeard. The paruh 

 church contains some very fine specimens of stained glass, in restoring 

 which the late Rev. U. O. Grylls of Helston laid out upwards of 

 2000/. The church was built in 1480 : it is 116 feet long by 55 feet 

 broad. It has a tower, which is 71 feet high. At the period of the 

 Domesday Surrey there was a college here called Neotstow. Dozmare 

 Pool, an inland Me of about a mile in circumference, 890 feet above 

 *b aea, is situaUd on the moors at the northern extremity of the 



r war to the river Fowey. Near the lake is a remnant of 

 antiquity called the Four Hole OHM, on the line of road from 

 Bodmin to Launceston. It is decayed and imperfect, two boles only 

 now remaining. This is supposed to be one of the oldest crosses in 

 Cornwall. Prmniatuioe, or Perran in the Bands, population <>f il..- 

 parish 3114, about 20 mils. 8.W. from Bodmin, U chiefly remarkable 

 fr the successive engulphment in the sands of two of its churches. 

 In 1836 the remains of the original parish church, supposed to have 

 been embedded in the sand since the Mh century, were discovered, 

 and a space around the building cleared. It is small, and of nulc 

 construction : it has been named St. Perron's Oratory. About a mile 

 and a half from the present parish church is an amphitheatre, called 

 Perm's Round, which ha* seven ranges of seats, and is apparently 



capable of accommodating about 2000 persons. Here it is supposed 

 important meetings were held, or games and plays perfoi: 

 amusement of the Cornish inhabitants in aucii-nt times. During 

 summer the village of Perran Perth is frequented by numerous 

 visitors. Stottetiuulatul, population of the parish 2596, is 6 miles 

 S. l.y 10. from Launceston. The parish church is a fine old gut hie 

 building, and has a tower with 8 bella. Cider is made here. The 

 mines are in a flourishing condition. In this parish is Kit or Kite 

 Hill, the summit of Kingston Down, 1007 feet above the sea, one of 

 the stations of the Trigonometrical Survey. On Kit Hill the Parlia- 

 ment of Tinners, both of Devon and Cornwall, used to assemble in 

 ancient times once in seven years. Turpoini, population of the parish 

 of Antony 3201, a village of modern origin, at the south-eastern 

 angle of the county. By a steam-bridge, plying every quarter of an 

 hour during the day, communication is kept up with Dovonport on 

 the opposite side of the Tamer, distant about a mile. A chapel of 



se was opened here in 1820. 



IHeitittiu for tdetuutical and Legal P&rpotti. Cornwall was 

 anciently a diocese by itself; tho see appears to have been originally 

 fixed at St German's and thence removed to Bodmin, where it 

 continued until it was united with the see of Crediton. Out of this 

 union rose the see of Exeter, in the diocese of which Cornwall is now 

 included. The limits of the county nearly coincide with those of 

 the archdeaconry of Cornwall. The ' Census of Religious Worship' in 

 1851 gives the following return in reference to the county of Corn- 

 wall: Places of worship Wesleyan Methodist, 412; Church of 

 England, 265; Bible Christian, 152; Wesleyan Association, 93; 

 Primitive Methodist, 38 ; Independent 37 ; Baptist, 25 ; Society of 

 Friends, 12; Roman Catholics, 7 ; Wesleyan Reformers, 6; other 

 total number, 1104. The total number of sittings provided was 

 262,911. By the Poor-Law Commissioners the county is cli\:.l< ,1 into 

 13 Unions: St Austell, Bodmin, Camelford, St Columb Major, 

 Folmouth, St Germans, Holstou, Launceston, Liskeard, Pcnzanoe, 

 Redruth, Stratton, and Truro. These Unions include 223 parishes 

 and townships with an area of 836,092 acres, and a population in 

 1851 of 353,965; but the boundaries of the Unions are not strictly 

 co-extensive with those of the county. Cornwall is in the western 

 circuit The assizes and quarter sessions are held at Bodmin. The 

 county jail is at Bodmin, and another older county jail at Launccston, 

 which is used at the assizes. 



This county is however under a peculiar jurisdiction, which 

 requires notice here that of the Duke of Cornwall. The duchy of 

 Cornwall was created in 1337 in favour of Kdward the Black Prim v, 

 and settled by Act of Parliament on tho eldest son of the king of 

 Euglond. The duke enjoyed large revenues, arising from the 11- 

 ship of castles, boroughs, and manors, grouted to him in Cornwall 

 and Devonshire ; the profits arising from the coinage of tin, and 

 various other sources. The annual revenue on the average of the 

 three years subsequent to the death of the Black Prince was 

 24 93J. It. Z\d.; the clear revenue in the 15th year of Henry VIII. 

 amounted to 10,0952. 11*. il</. ; in the 44th year of Queen Ellsmbeth, 

 in 1602, it had fallen to 45691. 12*. 2 j<f. ; and at the publication of 

 Messrs. Lysons' ' Mogna Britannia' (1814), tho gross amount was 

 estimated at 22,000*., of which 85002. arose from the tin-duty in the 

 county of Cornwall, and 35002. from the rents of manors, fines, &c. 

 in the same county : the sources from which the remainder was 

 derived are not mentioned. Tho tin-duty before the war of 

 had been 14,0002. per annum. By an Act passed in the 1st and ilml 

 of Vic. cap. 120, in lieu of the old coinage duties, a customs duty of 

 15*. the cwt for tin, and 102. for every 1002. value of tin-ore is imposed. 



The immediate government of the county was early vested in the 

 Duke of Cornwall, who has still his chancellor, attorney-general, and 

 solicitor-general, and bis court of exchequer. He also appoints the 

 sheriffs. The mining-trade is under the separate jurisdiction of the 

 Stannary Courts ; the Lord Warden of the Stannaries, and the Vice- 

 Warden, are at tho head of this jurisdiction, with a final appeal to 

 the duke and his council. Tho four Stannary Courts are Foy More, 

 Blackmore, Tywarnhaile, and Penwith mid Kerrier. 



An Act was passed in the 6th and 7th Win. IV. cap. 1 06, entitled 'An 

 Act for the better and more expeditious Administration of Jux: 

 the Stannaries of Cornwall, and for enlarging the Juri 

 improving tho Practice and Proceedings in the Courts of the Stan- 

 naries.' By section 4 of this Act, the equitable juriadiotioa ! iln- 

 Vice- Warden U extended to all matters connected with the working 

 of lead, copper, or other metal or metallic minerals within the < 

 of Cornwall. By section 6, the Stannary Courts are consolidated, and 

 are to be held before the Vice- Warden, who is to have the same 

 authority that the stewards had. Other sections appoint the Viee- 

 u'l Court to be a Court of Record, and to be held at Truro. 

 By the 2ml and 3rd Victoria, cap. 58, a Stannary Court's duty of one 

 farthing in the pouml sterling was imposed on tin and tin-ore. 



Previous to the Reform Act ( '. .rim ..II had the largest share in the 

 parliamentary representation of all the English counties : up to 1821 

 it had sent forty-four members, namely, two for the county, ami two 

 each for 21 boroughs, none of them of any great importance, and 

 some of them utterly insignificant. The county was represented in 

 Parliament at tho time of the first summons of Edward I., ami in 

 tho latter part of that monarch's reign it returned two knight* of the 



