593 



COROMANDEL COAST. 



CORREZE. 



591 



In the great civil war of Charles I. and his parliament the Cornish 

 men seem to have been on the whole in favour of the king. They 

 distinguished themselves on the royalist side at the battle of Laus- 

 downe and the siege of Bristol in 1643 ; and the king in reward of 

 their loyalty wrote them a letter of thanks, which he ordered to be 

 printed and published, and a copy to be read in every church and 

 chapel in the county. In July 1644 the Earl of Essex marched into 

 Cornwall at the head of the parliamentary forces and took possession 

 of Launceston, Saltash, Bodmin, Lostwithiel, and Fowey ; but being 

 followed by the royal army under the king in person was forced to 

 retreat to Fowey with his infantry, his cavalry having previously got 

 clear off. From Fowey Lord Essex escaped with some other persons 

 to Plymouth ; but his infantry, 6000 in number, under Major-General 

 Skippon, were forced to capitulate on September 2nd. In the autumn 

 and winter of 1645 Charles II., then Prince of Wales, spent some 

 time in Cornwall : in March 1646 he embarked at Pendennis Castle 

 for the Scilly Isles upon the approach of the Parliamentarians under 

 Fairfax, who, after defeating Lord Hopton at Torrington, entered 

 Cornwall, forced the royalist cavalry to surrender, and acquired 

 possession of the whole county. The royalist army had been disor- 

 ganised by the disputes of their leaders. Pendennis Castle, one of 

 the but places in England which held out for the king, surrendered 

 in August 1646. The Scilly Islands had some time before been seized 

 by th victorious party, and Prince Charles forced to flee, first to 

 Jersey, nd afterwards to France. In 1648 an attempt to raise forces 

 for the king was defeated by Sir Hardress Waller. The Dutch made 

 two attempts on the Cornish coast in the war between them and the 

 lonwealth; out were defeated in both. Since this period the local 

 history of Cornwall presents little that h of general interest 



Cornwall is mainly a mining; county. In 1851 the county pos- 

 eessed nine savings banks, at Bodmin, Falmouth, Helston, Laun- 

 ceston, Liskeard, Penzanee, Redruth, Truro, and Wadebridge. The 

 total amount owing to depositors on the 20th of November 1851 was 

 603,760*. 3. 3d. ' . 



COROMAN'DEL COAST, originally Cholomandala, or, according 

 to Major Renncll, the Sora Mandalum of Ptoletnsous, is the sea-board 

 of the western side of the Bay of Bengal, extending from Point 

 Calimere on the south, in 10 18' N. lat. and 79 56' E. long., to the 

 mouth of the Kistnah on the north, in 15 45' N. lat. and 80 53' E. 

 long. Along the coast from south to north are Nagore, Tranquebar, 

 Cuddalore, Pondicherry, Madras, and Nellore ; but throughout its 

 whole extent, about 350 miles, forming part of the sea-board of the 

 i ic, the coast does not afford any secure port or harbour, and 

 owing to the prevalence of the surf it is difficult to effect a landing 

 except by means of boats constructed for the purpose. 



CORON (Koroni), a town in the Morea, on the west coast of the 

 Cult' of Kalamata (called also Gulf of Koroni), the ancient Messcnian 

 iiilf. It appears to stand at or near the site of the ancient Colonides, 

 while the town of Corone, of which Pausanias speaks as having been 

 built by the Messenians when they were restored to their country by 

 the help of the Thebans, would seem by the description which that 

 author gives of its locality to have stood farther north on the same 

 , near the spot where the village of Petalidhi now stands. Leake 

 however makes Koroni occupy the site of Asine ; Colonides he places 

 nt Kastolia, where are some ruins of ancient buildings ; while the 

 French commission places it on the Bay of Phccnicus to the north- 

 west of Cape Gallo, the ancient Acritas. The present Coron is a place 

 of some trade, and exports oil and silk, which are produced in the 

 neighbouring district. 



The town contains a large castle in tolerably good repair, in which 

 the Turkish inhabitants used to reside before the Greek revolution, 

 the Greek population then occupying the suburb called VarusL 

 The roadstead is open and exposed to the south winds, but the bottom 

 of the shore being soft sand, vessels driven upon it often escape 

 without much damage. The town stands on a promontory sur- 

 rounded by a fertile plain, which is divided from the district of Modon, 

 on the west coast of the Morea, by a barren ridge which runs north 

 and south through the peninsula to Cape Gallo. (Leake's ' Morea,' 

 vol. i.) 



CORRKZE, an inland department of France, deriving its name from 

 the river Correze, which falls into the Vezere, a tributary of the great 

 river Dordogne. It extends between 44 55' and 45 44' N. lat., 

 I" 13' and 2' 22' E. long. ; and is bounded N. by the departments of 

 Haute-Vienne and Creuse, E. by those of Puy-de-Ddme and Cantal, 

 S. by the department of Lot, and W. by that of Dordogne. The 

 department is of irregular form ; its greatest length from north-east 

 to south-west is 64 miles, from east to west 51 miles. Its superficial 

 patent is 2266 square miles ; its population according to the census 

 of 1851 was 320,864, which gives 141'66 to the square mile, being 

 33'05 below the average per square mile for the whole of France. 



This department is formed out of Bas-Limousin, and consists of two 

 region? of highlands and lowlands. The district that forms the east 

 and north of the department, comprising the arrondissement of 

 ..nd the greater part of that of Tulle, is called La Montague 

 (the Highlands), ti ng covered with the Auvcrgne Mountains 



or Mountain* of Limousin, an they are called, which separate the 

 waters that flow to the Loire from those that feed the Dordogne. 

 Numerous offsets from the Mountains of Limousin run in a southerly 



OKOG. I>IV. VOL. II. 



and south-west direction into the interior of the department. These 

 regions present caverns, ravines, torrents, cascades, high plains, and 

 wild, bare, and barren summits, which rise in some places to the 

 height of 4000 feet above the sea, and are covered with snow for 

 several months in the year. The lower slopes are clothed with forests 

 in which the chestnut thrives in favourable situations ; the high plains 

 and valleys produce some good pasture ; but the general character of 

 this portion of the department is extreme sterility, the shallow, cold, 

 and hungry soils yielding but scanty crops of rye, oats, buckwheat, 

 hemp, and flax. Neither grapes nor any other fruits ripen thoroughly 

 except walnuts, and they are of a small size. 



The south and south-west of the department, called Le Pays Bas, 

 or the Lowlands, has a richer soil and a denser population. Here the 

 vine and other fruit-trees generally flourish, and in addition to the 

 cereal grains before mentioned, wheat, barley, and maize are produced. 

 Horned cattle are reared in considerable numbers in the lowlands, 

 sheep and goats on the mountain pastures. Among the wild animals 

 are the wild boar, the wolf, and the fox ; reptiles are very numerous, 

 and among them several varieties of the adder. Birds, both native 

 and migratory, exist in great numbers and variety. Throughout the 

 whole department the climate is cold and damp ; fogs are almost 

 always hovering over the courses of the numerous rivers and the 

 saturated soil of the lowlands ; the nights even in the middle of 

 summer are cool, and white frosts are very common. The habitations 

 of the peasantry are for the most part wretched in the extreme. 



In consequence of the extreme humidity of the climate the surface 

 of the department, except when covered with snow, presents every- 

 where an agreeable verdure not very common in France. The Fauna 

 of the department is extremely rich in grasses of different kinds, in 

 odoriferous and umbelliferous plants, and in mosses, lichens, and funsi. 

 Among forest-trees the principal species are chestnut, walnut, and in 

 dry situations the oak. The fruit of the chestnut enters largely into 

 the food of the people. The phenomenon of the spontaneous carboni- 

 sation of the chestnut-tree is not rare in this department. Horned 

 cattle are generally used in the plough throughout the lowlands, 

 where a good number of cattle are fatted for the Paris and other 

 markets. The stock cattle of the department are recruited by 

 importations from the departments to the southward, as the offspring 

 of the native breeds soon degenerates. Sheep, on the contrary, 

 improve in quality on the pastures of the department. 



The Dordogne and its feeder the Chavanon form the eastern 

 boundary of the department for a considerable way, separating it 

 from those of Puy-de-D6me and Cantal. The Dordogue crosses the 

 south-eastern angle of the department, and enters that of Lot near 

 the point where it is joined by the Cere from the left bank. Its 

 principal feeders within this department are the Diege, the Trous- 

 soune, the Lazcge, the Doustre, and the Loyre, all of which rise in 

 the north-east of the department and fall in on the right bank. 

 [DOBDOONE.] The Corrize, from which the department is named, 

 rises in the mountains near Meymac, and, flowing south-west past 

 Tulle and Brives, enters the Vezere on its left bank near the westem 

 boundary of the department. The Vtzire drains the north and north- 

 west of the department ; it rises near Chavagnes in the arrondissemeut 

 of Ussel, and runs south-west past Treignac, Uzerche, and Larche, 

 near which it enters the department of Dordogne; here continuing 

 in the same direction, it passes Montiguac, a few miles south-west of 

 which it Mis into the Dordogne on the right bank. The Naute- 

 Vaire, a feeder of the Isle, rises in the west of the department near 

 Lubersac. None of these rivers is navigable within this department. 

 The department is crossed by 5 state and 5 departmental roads. 



The department is rich in minerals, especially in coal, iron, lead, 

 granite of different colours, porphyry, alabaster, &c. ; but of this 

 wealth little advantage is taken from want of facilities for transport. 

 The iron and coal raised are chiefly used in the department. Fire-arms, 

 leather, glass, bricks, coarse woollens, wax-caudles, and nut-oil are the 

 principal articles of industrial produce. A great number of fairs are 

 held in the year, at which, besides the articles named, cattle, horses, 

 mules, linen yarn, chestnuts, &c., are sold. 



The whole surface of the department contains 1,449,624 acres. Of 

 this area 302,566 acres are under various crops, 384,000 are capable 

 of cultivation, 180,561 consist of natural grass-land, 406,082 of heaths 

 and moors, 90,366 of woods and forests, and 37,569 acres are under 

 vineyards, which yield 5,566,000 gallons of inferior wine yearly. 



The department is divided into 3 arrondissements, which, with their 

 subdivisions and population, are as follows : 



whole commune. The town, which is built on the slope of a hill, is 



2 Q 



