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COSTROMA. 



COTE-D'OR. 



COSTROMA, a province in the eastern part of Russia in Europe, 

 forming a portion of Great Russia, and situated between 57 and 

 59 N. lat., 40 and 48 E. long. Its area is about 31,655 square 

 miles : the surface is in general level, and the soil productive ; the 

 northern parts of the province are full of swamps, and the southern 

 sandy. The Volga enters Costroma a little above Yaroslaf, in the 

 south, and traverses it in a north-westerly direction : the Costroma 

 and Unsha, or Ounya, as well as the Vetluga, which fall into the 

 Volga on its left bank, drain the northern, eastern, and southern 

 districts. There are several lakes ; the largest, that of Qalitsch, near 

 the town of that name, is about 10 miles long and 5 miles broad ; and 

 the Tshuklonea, farther north, is upwards of 5 miles in diameter. 

 The inhabitants are active agriculturists ; though they import wheat, 

 they grow more rye than they consume, together with much hemp 

 and flax. The land is full of large forests, which are principally crown 

 property. The bear, lynx, wolf, and fox are common. Little 

 attention is paid to the breeding of cattle, but the fisheries are 

 carried on vigorously, and yield salmon, sturgeons, &c., in large 

 numbers. There are considerable manufactures in the province, 

 particularly of linens, woollen cloths, cotton, Russia leather of 

 superior quality, brandy, and mats ; the majority are established in 

 and about the capital. The population of the province was estimated 

 in 1S46 at 1,054,600. Two-thirds of the rural population are vassals 

 of the nubility, who are the great land proprietors. In summer great 

 numbers of mechanics leave their homes in quest of subsistence in 

 other quarters. The province contains ten circles. It is an eparchate, 

 or bishopric, styled the Eparchate of Costroma and Galitsch. The 

 revenue derived from the province amounts to about 150,0002. sterling 

 in the year. The principal towns, besides Costroma, the capital, are 

 Galitach (about 6500 inhabitants) ; Hakariew, the town next in 

 importance to Costroma for its trade (3000) ; Yurgowetz-Powolskoi 

 (2600) ; Sol-Qalitzkaja (3500) ; and Kinischna (2500). 



COSTROMA, the seat both of the civil government of the province 

 and of the military government of Costroma and Vladimir, is agree- 

 ably situated at the confluence of the Volga and Costroma, or 

 Kotorosla, in 57 45' N. lat., 41 12' E. long., about 325 versts (about 

 217 miles) N.E. from Moscow. It is said to have been built in the 

 year 1152, and was united to the grand duchy of Moscow by Ivan 

 Vassiljewitsh I. A wall of earth, which has been converted into 

 walks, surrounds it. The upper part of the town covers a height, on 

 the summit of which stands a cathedral, a handsome edifice, sur- 

 rounded by trees and showy buildings. Below this upper town, and 

 above the lower town, is another quarter, built entirely of stone ; 

 and along the high banks of the Volga runs the third quarter, con- 

 sisting of a long line of neat houses of wood and stone, relieved by 

 the trees and gardens interspersed between the buildings. Costroma 

 contains upwards of 50 churches and chapels, and two wealthy and 

 spacious monasteries. One of these establishments, that of Ipatakoi, 

 founded in 1330, is celebrated as having been the spot from which 

 the Czar Michael Fedorovitsh Romanoff, the founder of the present 

 dynasty, emerged in 1613 to assume the sceptre of Muscovy. The 

 Bishop of Costroma has his residence hi this monastery, which is 

 inclosed with a stone wall. There is a Tartar suburb and mosque 

 outside the walls. Costroma is an affluent and thriving town ; it 

 contains about 14,000 inhabitants. There are here a bell-foundry, and 

 manufactures of linens, Prussian-blue, sealing-wax, soap, leather, bells, 

 &c. _ Costroma has several periodical fairs. 



COTE-D'OR, a department in France, is bounded N. by the depart- 

 ment of Aube, N.E. and E. by the departments of Hnute-Marne and 

 Haute-Saone, S.E. and S. by those of Jura and Sa6ne-et-Loire, and 

 W. by those of Niivre and Yonne. It lies between 46 55' and 

 48 3 7 N. lat., 4 2' and 5 29' E. long. Its length is, from north to 

 south 77 miles, from east to west about 70 miles. The area of the 

 department, according to the official returns of 1851, is 3382'65 

 square miles; the population in the same year was 400,297, or 

 118-33 to a square mile, being 56'38 below the average per square 

 mile for the whole of France. 



Cote-d'Or is one of the four departments formed out of the old 

 province of Bourgogne, and comprises the districts of Auxois, 

 Auxonnais, Nuyton, Beaunois, and La Montague. The surface is 

 crossed by a chain of hills which forms the connecting link between 

 the Cuvenncs and the Vosges Mountains, and separates the basin of the 

 Seine from that of the Sadne. Leaving the C(5 veunes at the source of 

 the river Dlieune, which forms part of the southern boundary, the 

 chain runs north-east to within a short distance of Dijon, where it is 

 crossed by the road from Paris to Geneva, and by the Paris-Lyon rail- 

 way ; from this point it tends to the north-north-east, and joins the 

 plateau of Langres (on the borders of Haute- Marne), which is connected 

 at its north-eastern extremity by the Faucilles Mountains with the 

 Vosges. That portion of the chain which extends from the neigh- 

 bourhood of Dijon to the Dheune is properly called C&te-d'Or or 

 ' Golden flope," in allusion to the richness, delicacy, and value of the 

 wines produced on its eastern and southern declivities ; but the name 

 has been extended to the whole range, and hence to the department 

 itoelf. From the southern extremity of the range, a chain runs north- 

 we*t under the name of the Morvan Hills, and forms part of the 

 watershed between the Seine and the Loire. 



On the north-western slope of these mountains are the transverse 

 GEOO. DIV. VOL. u. 



valleys of the Aube, the Ouree, and the Seiue, separated from each 

 other by wooded hills. Farther south is the valley of the river 

 Armancon, which rising in the angle between C6te-d'Or and the 

 Morvan Hills, flows north-west to the Yonne, a feeder of the Seiue. 

 From the southern slope of the Morvan Hills the Arroux flows south- 

 south-west to join the Loire. The Ouche rises in the Cote-d'Or 

 opposite the source of the Arinan9on, and flows north-east to Dijon, 

 and thence east by south on its way to the Saone. The eastern slope 

 of the C6te-d'0r stretches towards the SaOne, which flows through a 

 longitudinal valley of great extent and fertility, and is navigable. At 

 a little distance from the crest of the main chain the slope breaks up 

 into ranges of calcareous hills, which however soon sink down into 

 the valley of the Sadne. Several rivers of short course and small 

 volume euter the Saone from the right bank. 



The Canal-de-Bourgogne, or Canal-de-1'Est as it is also called, has 

 the greater part of its length in this department. It leaves the 

 Saone at St.-Jean-de-Losne, and is carried by a tunnel 2 miles 

 long through the mountains south-west of Dijon ; from this point it 

 runs first south-west along the right bank of the Ouche, then turning 

 north-west it reaches its summit level at Pouilly, beyond which it 

 runs along the A rm;uu;nn to its junction with the Yonne in the depart- 

 ment of Yonne. The Canal-du-Rhone-au-Rhin commences in this 

 department, also in the Safine, a little above St-Jeau-de-Losne. By 

 means of these canals, and by the Sa&ne and the Canal-du-Centre 

 (which leaves the Sadne at Chalon) the department has water commu- 

 nication with the Mediterranean, the German Ocean, the English 

 Channel, and the Bay of Biscay. The department is also traversed 

 by nine state and fifteen departmental roads ; and by the railroad 

 from Paris to Lyon, which has a considerable part of its length 

 in this department, passing through Montbard, Dijon, Kuits, and 

 Beaune. A railway is projected to run south-east from Dijon through 

 D61e to Salins near the Swiss frontier. 



The valleys and plains of the department are fertile, especially in 

 the east and south, and they present a great variety of culture. The 

 fields are very generally inclosed by hedges. Wheat, maize, rye, 

 barley, and oats are raised in large quantities, so as to afford a 

 considerable surplus for exportation. Hemp, flax, oleaginous plants, 

 fruits, mustard, and all kinds of kitchen vegetables, are extensively 

 cultivated. The ground is tilled in the plains by the plough, in which 

 oxen and horses are used ; but on the hills spade-culture is the system 

 universally prevalent. A large portion of the department is laid out 

 in grass-land. Considerable numbers of horses, sheep, and cattle are 

 reared. Asses are partially used in farm labour. Pigs are very numerous. 

 Bees are carefully tended, and a good deal of honey is made. Game 

 and fish are plentiful. But the most important source of wealth to 

 the department is its vineyards, especially those of the Cote-d'Or 

 properly so called. This favoured district is divided into two parts 

 the C6te de Nuits or C6te Nuitonne, extending from Dijon to Nuits; 

 and the C6te Beaunoise, from Nuits to the Dheune. The former is 

 famous for its red wines, the most renowned of which are those 

 called Romance, Vougeot, Chainbertin, Richebourg, and Nuits ; while 

 the latter produces both red and white wines, which for flavour, 

 delicacy, and perfume are not surpassed in the world ; but they do 

 not bear transport so well as those grown on the Nuitonne slope. 

 Among the red wines of the Beaune slope the most famous are those 

 called Volnay, Pomard, Beaune, La Peyrieure ; and among the white, 

 Meursault, Montrachet, and Goutte-d'Or. Besides these famous 

 Burgundy wines, a good deal of wine resembling Champagne is 

 manufactured in the department and sold as such. The annual 

 produce of all the vineyards of the department amounts to 11,836,000 

 gallons. The Paris-Lyon railway, which skirts the eastern base of 

 the Cote-d'Or south of Dijon, passes several of the most celebrated 

 of these vineyards. 



The department ranks the first in France with respect to the extent 

 of its forests, in which oak, beech, and elm are the principal trees. 

 The upper part of the Cote-d'Or mountains are covered with forests. 

 The chestnut does not flourish. The extent of forest-land however 

 is greatly diminished within the last fifty years, in consequence of 

 so much timber being cut down to make charcoal for smelting 

 purposes. The climate is bracing, pure, and healthy; the cold is 

 sometimes very great in winter. The maximum summer heat is 86 

 Fahrenheit. The whole area amounts to 2,164,899 acres. Of this 

 surface 1,129,530 acres are capable of cultivation, 155,608 are meadow 

 and grass-land, 65,166 are under vineyards, 616,864 are covered 

 with woods and forests, and 14,848 with orchards, nurseries, and 

 gardens. 



Iron, coal, marble, millstones, limestone, gypsum, potter's-clay, 

 &c. are found. The iron-mines, which lie chiefly L in the mountains 

 in the north-east of the department, are amongst the most pro- 

 ductive in France; the ore is converted into malleable iron and 

 steel at 88 blast-furnaces and foundries chiefly by means of charcoal 

 near the mine-mouth. There are 292 factories of various kinds in 

 the department, the products being linen, woollen cloth, blankets, 

 cotton and woollen yarn, beet-root sugar, brandy, vinegar, paper, 

 seed-oil, beer, leather, and earthenware. The commerce of the 

 department consists in the agricultural and industrial products 

 already named, and in wool, hides, timber, oak-staves, hay, fuel- 

 wood, nails, and whetstones. About 400 fairs are held annually. 



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