633 



CIUNAN CANAL. 



CROATIA. 



C3J 



marines forming the garrison the population is about 30,000. The 

 town possesses a fine cathedral. There are here five extensive docks 

 constructed for the Russian government by Colonel Upton the distin 

 guished civil engineer. The centre dock will accommodate a firsi 

 rate ship of the largest size : two docks are for 74-gun ships, aud twt 

 for frigates. The five docks occupy two sides of a quadrangular basin 

 lute this basin ships are introduced by three locks, each having a ris< 

 of 10 feet, so that the surface of the water in the basin is 30 fee' 

 above the level of the sea. The bottom of each dock is 3 feet above 

 the sea level. Water is supplied to the dock basin by a canal from 

 the Tcherney-Ruilka (the Black River). A reservoir is connected with 

 the canal for the purpose of supplying the docks in case of the failure 

 of water in the rivulet. The ground over which the canal passes is 

 rough and uneven ; and the works include an embankment, three 

 aqueducts, and two tunnels. The docks are constructed of freestone 

 and granite, the granite being employed at the gates and where 

 extra pressure is likely to be felt. The capstans and all the machinery 

 of the locks are of English manufacture. Three forts, named ivspiv 

 tively Alexander, Constantino, and Nicholas, defend the approach, the 

 entrance, and the interior of the harbour. The expense of the works 

 via about five or six millions of rubles. With the exception of the 

 docks, the fortifications, and the cathedral, there is little to notice about 

 Sevastopol The town is (or was recently) undefended on the land- 

 Sevastopol possesses a very fine harbour. The depth of water will 

 the largest line-of-battle ships to lie close to the shore. In 

 winter the Russian fleet is laid up here, aud the crews go into barracks. 

 A short distance east from Sevastopol is Inkerman, at which are 

 several chapels and chambers cut out of the freestone rocks. These 

 chambers are said to have been used by the Arians as a place of retreat 

 from persecution. There is a good carriage road from Sevastopol 

 to Baktchesarai. BALACLAVA and KAFFA are described in separate 

 articles. On the Strait of Yenikalo is Kertth or Kiertslt, a thriving 

 place, with about 4000 inhabitants. There is here an interesting 

 museum containing a large collection of medals, Greek vases, gold 

 ornaments, and other antiquities dug up from the tumuli in the 

 vicinity of the town. The museum includes also a few Roman 

 remains. Kertsh roads are generally crowded with shipping, aa vessels 

 proceeding to the Sea oPAzof must perform quarantine here. Kertsh 

 is a free port. It exports salt, com, hides, salted fish, and caviar. 

 In its neighbourhood are the extensive ruins of the ancient town of 

 Panticapicum, once the residence of Mithridates. Yen&att, at the 

 entrance of the strait, is a small fortress, with 1700 inhabitants, who 

 are almost all of Greek descent. Alutlda, on the south-east coast, at 

 the eastern extremity of a pass which leads across the Chatyr-Dag 

 from Simferopol, has become a commercial town of some importance. 

 In the time of the Genoese it was a populous place, and under the 

 Byzantine emperors it was the seat of a bishop. There was a large 

 fortress here built by the emperor Justinian. The town however has 

 little to show except the ruins of former grandeur. The neighbourhood 

 of the Chatyr-Dag renders the scenery peculiarly interesting. The 

 fortress ofPerekop, on the isthmus, has 900 inhabitants, many of whom 

 are Jews. In the fortress are a palace, barracks, a mosque, and a 

 Greek church. 



Manufacturing industry is confined to the preparation of leather 

 and morocco in Baktchesarai, Karasubazar, and Koslow, and to cutlery 

 and sadlers' and shoemakers' work at Baktchesarai. In some places 

 coarse earthenware is made. The Greeks in the neighbourhood of 

 Kaffa extract soda from saline plants. 



The chief exports of the Crimea by sea are salt, wheat, soda, butter, 

 and hides : the imports, raw and manufactured cotton of different 

 kinds ; silk stuffs of various patterns and in the eastern fashion ; wines 

 of the Archipelago aud the Strait of Constantinople ; brandy, 

 Turkish leaf-tobacco, and a variety of fresh and dried fruits. To 

 Russia are sent, chiefly by the way of Perekop, salt, gray and black 

 lamb-skins, sheep's and bullocks' hides, wool, camels' hair, leather, 

 hare-skins, wines, walnuts, fruits, together with the dry fruits imported 

 from other parts, and fish. The imports are grain, provisions, iron, 

 and different manufactured goods of Russia. 



The Greeks became early acquainted with this peninsula, probably 

 soon after the Ionian Greeks and especially the inhabitants of Miletus 

 had begun to form settlements on the northern shores of Asia Minor, 

 bout six centuries before the Christian era. Panticapreum is called 

 by Strabo a colony of the Milesians. Besides this place they built 

 Tbeodosia, now Feodosia or Kaffa, and some other places on the 

 peninsula forming the west side of the Strait of Yeuikalc'. They 

 preferred this part of the peninsula, from its containing a large tract 

 fit for agriculture, and producing very rich crops- Strabo says thirty 

 times the seed. It was at one time considered the granary of Greece, 

 especially of Athens, whose territory being of small extent and of 

 indifferent fertility, was unable to maintain ite great population by its 

 own produce. At one time Athens annually imported from the 

 Crimea between 300,000 and 400,000 medimni of grain, as Demos- 

 thenes informs us, in his Oration against Leptines (c. 9). Strabo says, 

 that in one year the Athenians received 2,100,000 medimni from 

 Tbeodosia, but the text is evidently corrupt. [BOSPORUS ; BYZANTIUM.] 



(Strabo, vii. ; Pallas; Oliphant; Lyall, Travel in Rusria; Captain 

 Jones, Trnreli in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and Turkey.) 



CRINAN CANAL, Argylesbire, a canal connecting the Lochgilp 



branch of Lochfyne with the Sound of Jura, and constructed for the 

 purpose of enabling vessels of small burden to dispense with the 

 rather dangerous passage round the Mull of Cantyre. The project 

 of forming this canal was first started about sixty years baok with 

 the co-operation of the then Duke of Argyll. Sir John llennie having 

 surveyed the ground and reported favourably an Act of Parliament 

 was obtained, a company was formed in 1793, aud the works were 

 forthwith commenced. The canal was opened in 1801. The canal 

 although not more than 9 miles in length has been of great service 

 to the coasting trade of the west of Scotland and the Highlands ; the 

 original shareholders of the canal company however have never 

 received any return for the outlay of their capital. The number of 

 locks in the Criuaii Canal is fifteen ; the average breadth is 24 feet, 

 and the depth of water 10 feet; if found necessary 12 feet depth of 

 water could be maintained. Since 1818 the canal has been under the 

 management of the Commissioners of the Caledonian Canal, with the 

 navigation of which it is intimately connected ; together these canals 

 form an important portion of the inland passage between Glasgow 

 and Inverness. Vessels of 200 tons burden can pass through the 

 Criuan Canal. 



CROATIA (Horvath Orazag), a former province in the south of 

 Austria, now forms with Slavonia a crownland of that empire. It 

 lies between 44 5' and 46 25' N. lat., 14 20' and 17" 25' E. long., 

 and extends in a north-easterly direction from the shores of the 

 Adriatic to the bunks of the Drave and Save. It is bounded 

 N. by Lower Styria and Hungary, E. by Slavonia, S. by Turkish 

 Croatia and Dalmatia, aud W. by Illyria and the Adriatic. The 

 whole crownland is divided into six palatinates, which are named 

 from the chief town in each, and of which the area and population, 

 according to the cadastral returns and census of 1850 and 1851, are 

 as follows : 



Besides the area here given, a wide zone, comprising no less than 

 7500 square miles and containing a population of 670,655 under a 

 military form of government, extends along the south of Croatia and 

 Slavonia, and constitutes a part of the defensive barrier which Austria 

 has established against Turkey under the name of the Military 

 Frontier. Under this head [MILITARY FRONTIER] the peculiar insti- 

 tutions of this district and its towns will be noticed, but the present 

 article contains a notice of the physical character of the whole 

 crownland. 



Croatia is divided into two distinct parts by the Save, which 

 receives the Kulpa and the Unua on its right bank and the Illova on 

 the left. To the north of the Save the surface presents some rather 

 extensive plains, bounded N. by the Reka Mountains, an offset of 

 the Carnic Alps, of no great elevation, which here forms the watershed 

 between the Save and the Drave. Between the Reka Mountains and 

 the Drave, which separates the crownland from Hungary, the country 

 is level. Near the eastern boundary, between the Illova aud its 

 feeder the Longa, there is a mountain mass called Mount Garik, which 

 U but slightly connected with the Reka Mountains on the north, and 

 rises to about 2500 feet in height. The principal rivers of the country 

 have been already named ; they are all navigable with the exception 

 of the Illova, and all of them are subject to floods which inundate 

 the plains through which they flow, and in some places form large 



larshes. 



Besides the principal rivers just named, Croatia is watered by 

 many other rivers and streams, most of which rise within its confines ; 

 such as the Krapina, Korana, Odra, &c., nearly all of which flow 

 into the Drave or Save ; the Zermanya and Fiumara, which fall into 

 the Adriatic. 



Many of the valleys, especially on the southern ridge, are entirely 

 closed, and the streams which traverse them not having a vent, find 

 .heir way to different rivers by subterraneous channels, and often 

 nundate the surrounding country. Some of these valleys are iuha- 

 )ited by a half-savage race, and abound in picturesque waterfalls. 

 The Szluinchicza forms above forty beautiful cascades. 



South of the Save the country is very mountainous. The Julian 

 Alps enter the crowuland on the west and terminate in Mount 

 deck (nearly 7000 feet high), whence the Kapella Mountains run 

 'rom north-west to south-east, connecting the Julian with the Dinaric 

 Alps, which separate Croatia on the south-east from Bosnia. The 

 lighest parts of the Kapella Mountains and of one of its principal 

 offsets to the eastward called Pliaaivitza, do not exceed 5800 feet 

 ibove the sea level. The eastern and north-eastern parts of these 

 mountains are furrowed by innumerable dells, ravines, and valleys, 

 ravcrsed by rapid streams, all feeders of the Kulpa. About 



