637 



CROMARTY. 



CRONSTADT. 



633 



In the palatinate or county of Kreutz or Creutz, lying east of the two 

 preceding, the chief town is Creutz, which stands between the Longa 

 and the Glogovnicza, feeders of the Save, 30 miles N.E. from Agram ; 

 it is the seat of a Greek-Catholic bishop, and has above 3000 inhabit- 

 ants. Kopreinitza, in the valley of the Drave, is strongly fortified, and 

 has 3200 inhabitants. 



In the palatinate of Fiume, formerly called the Litorale, the chief 

 town is Fiume, the principal port of the crownlaud, which is described 

 in a separate article. [FIUME.] 



( 'f the palatinate or county of Posega, which comprises the west of 

 Slavonia, the chief town, Posega, stands on the Orlawa, a feeder of 

 the Save, and has a gymnasium, and 7000 inhabitants. Tobacco, silk, 

 and wine are the chief products of the Posega Valley. 



The palatinate of Essegg includes the former counties of Verovicz 

 and Sirmia. The county of Verovicz occupies the northern slope of 

 the Rfka Mountains, extending along the right bank of the Drave to 

 its junction with the Danube. Its chief town h Essek, or szcl; which 

 is noticed in a separate article. [EszEK.] Diacovat; S. of Eszek, a 

 small place of about 3000 inhabitants, and the seat of a bishop ; Vero- 

 via, or Veroae, in the north-west of the province, is a market-town, 

 with a castle, and a population of 3200 ; and DaUja, or Dallya, a village 

 on the right bank of the Danube, with about 3000 inhabitants partly 

 engaged in the sturgeon fisheries ; are the only other places worth 

 mentioning. 



In the county of Sirmia, which lies east of the other two, and is 

 traversed by the chain of hills that forms part of the watershed 

 between the Dimube and the Save, the soil is very fertile, except in 

 the mountains south of Karlowitz. It contains the towns of Vukovar, 

 at the mouth of the Vuko, population 6000 ; Illok, or L'jlat, a steam- 

 packet station farther down the Danube, here a mile wide, popula- 

 tion 3500; Kamenitz, 2 milea from Peterwardein, population about 

 2000 ; I fey, in a fine wine country on the south slope of the Karlowitz 

 Mountains, population 5000 ; Kama, 5 milea S. from Ireg, 38 miles 

 W. by X. from Belgrade, on a email affluent of the Save, population 

 6200. 



A small portion of Sclavonia stretches north of the Danube along 

 the right bank of the Theiss to the point where this latter river is 

 joined by the Franzens Canal. This district is noticed under the 

 head MILITARY FRONTIER. The towns Karlowitz, Peterwardein, 

 and Semliu will be given also under that head or in separate 

 articles. 



The ancient inhabitants of Croatia were the Pannonians, after the 

 conquest of whom by Augustus it became a province of Illyria. The 

 Goths took possession of it A.D. 489, then the Avares or Abares, and 

 in 640 the Croatian;, a tribe of the Wends from Bohemia, who were 

 anciently called Horvather, Urovathea or Chrobates, settled in it, 

 and gave their names to the country. They subdued the former 

 inhabitants of Illyria and Noricum, and being reinforced by bodies 

 of their countrymen, they founded the Duchies (or in their idiom 

 'Xupanies') of Carinthia, Friuli, Liburnia, or Croatia Proper, Jadra 

 in Dalmatia, Sclavonia, &C. These small states submitted to Charle- 

 magne, but they generally allied themselves with the Greek emperors, 

 although they continued to acknowledge the supremacy of the Church 

 of Rome. Their first archizupau of whom history makes mention is 

 Crescimer, who lived in the 10th century, and whose son, Dircislav I., 

 took the title of king of Croatia, which then extended also over the 

 western part of Dalmatia and Bosnia ; its capital, called Biograd, 

 appears to have been situated on the shores of the Adriatic, according 

 to some at the place called by the Venetians Zara Vecchia; other 

 authorities fix upon the modern Biograd, Belligrad, or Bielgrad, on 

 the small river Pliva, as its site. Towards the year 1100 Croatia was 

 incorporated with Hungary. 



After the middle of the 15th century it suffered greatly from the 

 incursions of the Turks, but the Croatiaus being a warlike people, 

 ravaged in their turn the Ottoman territories, and returned to their 

 villages laden with spoils. Croatia was afterwards annexed to the 

 Austrian empire, and together with Sclavonia, Dalmatia, and some 

 parts of Hungary, was governed by a special board at Vienna under 

 the- common title of States of Illyria. More recently Croatia has 

 preserved the name only of a kingdom, having been incorporated 

 with Hungary. Since the insurrectionary movements of 1848 

 Croatia has been severed from Hungary. 



CBOMABTY, Scotland, a parliamentary burgh, market-town, and 

 port, in the parish of Cromarty, in the united counties of Ross and 

 Cromarty, is situated in 57 41' N. lat., 4 3' W. long., on a low 

 peninsula on the south side of the Frith of Cromarty, near its entrance 

 from the sea; it is about 16 miles N.E. from Dingwall, the county 

 town, and about 180 miles N.W. from Edinburgh. The population 

 of Cromarty in 1851 was 1988. 



Cromarty was anciently a royal burgh, but was disfranchised in 1672, 

 and accounted only a burgh of barony. It now unites with Kirkwoll, 

 Wick, Uornoch, Tain, and Dingwall, in returning one member to 

 the Imperial Parliament. The affairs of the burgh are managed by a 

 town council consisting of six members. The town is irregularly built, 

 exhibiting in its older streets and lanes the homely Flemish style of 

 architecture characteristic of the old towns of the north. The chief 

 building* are a plain parish church, a Gaelic chapel, and a town-house ; 

 the last a substantial building with a hall in the upper story and a 



prison in the lower, and surmounted by a dome or clock-tower. 

 There are places of worship for the Free Church and the United 

 Presbyterians. In the parish are some remains of ancient chapels. 

 The harbour, formed by a pier, is near the extremity of the point on 

 which the town stands. Vessels of 400 tons can come up to the quay. 

 There are a hempen-cloth manufactory and a brewery. A considerable 

 trade is carried on in salt provisions. Some of the population are 

 engaged in the herring and white fishery. Ship-building is carried 

 on. There are a weekly corn-market on Tuesday, and fairs in April, 

 August, October, and November. At the mouth of the Cromarty 

 Frith, and not far from the town, is Cromarty Point, a headland on 

 which stands a light-house with a fixed light. The north and south 

 headlands at the entrance of the Frith are known as the ' Sutors of 

 Cromarty.' 



(New Statistical A ccount of Scotland.) 



CBOMABTYSHIBE. [Ross AND CBOMARTY.] 



CROMER. [NORFOLK.] 



CROMFORD. [DERBYSHIRE.] 



CRONSTADT (Krorustadt), a town, fortress, and port, in the Russian 

 government of St. Petersburg, is built at the south-eastern extremity 

 of Cotliu-Oslrof, an island in that part of the Gulf of Finland called 

 the Bay of Cronstadt, 16 miles from the mouth of the Neva, 21 miles 

 W. from the city of St. Petersburg, in 59 59' 46" N. lat., 29 46' 38" 

 E, long., and has in summer a population of about 55,000, including 

 the garrison and the marine. During the winter months, from 

 November to April, the port is ice-bound and nearly deserted. 

 The island of Cotlin-Ostrof, formerly called Retouzari by the 

 Fiulauders, is 7 miles in length and about 1 mile in breadth. At 

 the entrance of the harbour, on an island opposite the citadel, lies the 

 fortress of Cronschlott, built by Peter the Great. The passage between 

 this fortress and Cronstadt is 2000 paces in width, and has ample 

 depth for the largest vessels. Cronstadt is the great naval station of 

 the Russian fleet and the harbour of St. Petersburg. All vessels 

 proceeding to that port are searched here, and their cargoes sealed, 

 and such as are too large for the shallow waters of the Upper Neva 

 unload their cargoes at Croustadt, and transport them in smaller 

 craft. 



The town, which is built in the form of an irregular triangle, is 

 strongly fortified on all sides. It has three harbours lying to the 

 south of the town, all strongly defended by ramparts and bastions. 

 The outer or military harbour, which is a rectangle, is entirely 

 surrounded by a massive and strongly fortified mole, and is capable 

 of containing, besides smaller vessels, above 85 ships of the line. 

 The middle harbour is intended for the fitting-out and repairing of 

 vessels. The hulls are generally built at St. Petersburg and brought 

 h'-iv lor equipment. It contains the slips, a powder-magazine, a 

 manufactory of pitch, tar, &o. The third and innermost harbour, 

 which haa space for 1000 vessels, and runs parallel with the middle 

 harbour, admits only merchantmen, for which there is besides an 

 excellent roadstead immediately outside of the port, which is 

 defended also by the citadel, constructed on a rock in the middle 

 of the Bay of Cronstadt. All these harbours are well secured, but 

 in consequence of the freshness of the sea-water no vessels can be 

 preserved in them above twenty years. They are besides detained 

 a great part of the year by the ice in the Bay of Cronstadt, which 

 usually prevents vessels from entering after November, or leaving 

 before the end of April, or sometimes even later. Vessels are repaired 

 and built in the large canal of Peter the Great, which runs directly 

 into the town between the middle and merchant's harbour, and 

 receives ten large ships at once. The basin is 2160 feet long, 

 and 26 feet deep. It is built with granite, and by means of a stcum- 

 fiigim can be laid dry in two days, and filled again by means of sluices 

 in six hours. Near it are the various docks, in which ten ships can 

 be repaired at once ; the foundry, which supplies annually 1200 tons 

 of bombs, balls, &c. ; the admiralty rope-walk ; tar-works ; and excellent 

 wet-docks. By the new Catharine Canal, commenced in 1782, which 

 is 1880 fathoms long, government vessels are enabled to take their 

 stores, munition, &c., directly from the store-houses. The quays of 

 the canals and of the three harbours are all constructed of granite on a 

 very grand scale ; they were erected by the emperor Nicholas. The 

 town is very regularly built, and contains many fine, straight, and 

 well-paved streets, and several public squares. The houses however, 

 with the exception of those belonging to government, are chiefly of 

 one story, and built of wood. There are five Russian churches, one 

 Lutheran, one Anglican, and one Catholic church. 



The Bay of Cronstadt is shallow, the average depth hardly reaching 

 12 feet, and the bar at the mouth of the Neva has not more thau 

 9 feet upon it in ordinary times. 



The city has three gates, and is divided into two parts, the Com- 

 mandant and Admiralty quarters, which are subdivided into four 

 districts. Between the Peter's and Catharine Canal is the old Italian 

 palace built by prince Menschikof, who took this island from the 

 Swedes in 1703. It is at present occupied by the school for pilots, 

 a large establishment, where above 300 pupils are educated for the 

 naval service, and 20 for the merchant service. The naval hospital 

 is a large and well-regulated institution, with accommodation for 

 2500 patients, and a separate building for officers of the navy. 

 Among other public buildings may be mentioned the admiralty, 



