CIIONSTADT. 



CTBSIPHON. 



i I-P 



exchanpe, cuitom-houae, barracks, club-hone, and tho house of 

 Pater the Great, where he raided for *ome time : but with the 

 exception of a few old oak*, which he is mid to hare planted with 

 hi* owu hands, there are no remains of tho form<*r garden. 



The permanent population of Cronstadt, exclusive of the garrison, 

 the pupils of the naval school, workmen, and sailors, perhaps does 

 not exceed 12,000. The inhabitant* derive their chief support from 

 the fleet, trade, and shipping. The town presents an appearance of 

 great bustle and activity during the summer, but in winter till is 

 dead and stagnant The bay is then entirely frozen, and its surface 

 is for six months traversed by great roads marked out by signal-posts, 

 aud l^'ng to the capital and other places on the Gulf of Finland, 



The town and port were laid out and the buildings far advanced 

 by Peter the Great, who founded Cronstadt in 1710; but it did not 

 receive its present name (' The Town of the Crown') until the year 

 1721. At the northern extremity of the island ore Fort Alexander 

 and the Battery of St. John ; the latter i* built on piles. 



CROXSTADT (Knmttadl), the capital of a county of the same 

 name in Transylvania. The county lie* immediately north of the 

 Carpathians, which separate it from Wallochia, and is watered by the 

 Alt and its feeder tho Dunce, whence the county is nlso called Burzcn- 

 l&nd. The Rurzenland is in that part of Transylvania called 'the 

 land of the Saxons ;' its surface is traversed by the lofty chain of the 

 ButAchescht, an offset of the Carpathians, which reaches iu its highest 

 summit an elevation of above 8000 feet. The climate is ex' : 

 cold in winter. The valleys and lower slopes of the mountains ore 

 well adapted for agricultural purposes. All sorts of corn and pulse, 

 maize, millet, flax, hemp, fruits, &c. are grown. Among the minerals 

 are gold, silver, porcelain-clay, Ac. Game, fish, and bees abound. 

 Horned cattle ore very numerous. The mountain sides are clothed 

 with fine forest timber. The population U about 100,000, composed 

 of descendants of German settlers, Hungarians, Wallachs, Greeks, 

 Armenians, and some Kallibossi. 



The capital, Cronstadt, the largest and most populous town of 

 Transylvania, is also called Kruhnen, Kriinne, and Krohue, and in 

 ancient records Brasxd It stands near 45 36' N. lot., 25 33' E. long., 

 70 miles E.N.E. from Herniaunxtadt, in a narrow valley, inclosed by 

 mountain.", at an elevation of 1890 feet above the level of the sea. 

 It U defended by a strong castle on the bank of the Furkas. The 

 inner town, which has the form of a rectangle, is well built, and 

 surrounded with towers, walls, and ditches ; it contains about 615 

 houses, and has a population composed entirely of Saxons or their 

 descendants. It was built in the beginning of the 14th century, when 

 it was called Corona, Them are three suburbs, the Alt-Unit, the 

 Bolonnya orBrassovia, and the Upper Town, or Bolgdr, which consists 

 of 1500 houses partly built on hills amidst orchards and gardens, and 

 inhabited chiefly by Wallachs. Including these suburbs, Cronstadt 

 ha* above 3400 houses anil about 36,000 inhabitant*. The inner 

 town ha* 5 gates, 6 principal streets which, are straight aud regular, 

 and a spacious market-place with 2 fountains. Among the chief 

 buildings are the Protestant church, a striking edifice erected in 1383 

 in the gothic style. It i* 112 paces long, 59 paces broad, supported 

 : Tuscan cohuhns, and surmounted by a tower 138 feet high, iu 

 which is a boll O.J tons in weight. The Koman Catholic chmvh ..f 

 St. l'etT and St. 1'aul was built in the Italian style in 1760-82. The 

 remaining buildings of note are the town-hall, in the market-place, 

 with a handsome tower ; the old Lutheran church of St. Bartholomew ; 

 the Gymnasium ; and the great mart, or Kauf haus, which was erected 

 in 1545. Thi mart was until lately the general place of rendezvous 

 for German, Hungarian, Armenian, (ireek. Turk, Wallach, Jew, Gipsy, 

 and Bulgarian traders, who assembled here to expose their goods, 

 while Turkish money-changers wen seated outside and around the 

 market-place for the exchange of Austrian and Turkish coins ; but 

 the trade of Cronstadt ho* recently much declined. 



.xtadt contains a Lutheran gymnasium with a library, a 

 town hall, barracks, two Greek and two Koman Catholic churches, a 

 ' 'nlvim-tic church, a Roman Catholic high Hchool, a military acad. my, 

 a normal school besides various elementary schools, two hospitals, a 

 boon of correction, and a house of industry. 



The inhabitant* manufacture linens, cottons, coarse woollens, 

 stockings, and woollen bobbins. There are a paper mill and two wax- 

 b*tebing ground*. Cronstadt was the first place in Transylvania 

 where a paper-mill and printing-pros were established ; the earliest 

 work* iBtued from the latter were the 'Aunbunr Confession' and 

 the writing* of Luthrr. 



CroMtadt carries on considerable tnuuit trade in Austrian and 

 Turku* produce; cattle and wine from YVsllochia; manufactured 

 good* ; com, salt, Ac. 



I) I >l. \NliS. ^BAHAMAS.) 



CROOM, county of Limerick, I n land, a small town and the scat of a 



Poor Law Union in the barony of Coshma, i* situated on the river 



Maigue, in M' 32' N. lat, 8' 43' W. long., distant almut 11 mil,., 



from Limerick. The total population in 1851 was 1357. 



Groom Poor-Law Union contain* 20 electoral division*, with an area 



'.23 acre*, and a population in 1 S.M of 27,2ml. The town i very 



ancient, and drrives it* name from C'ruom, the Celtic rod of thunder. 



There are some Druidical remains and a ruined round tower in tin- 



neighbourhood. At Croom is an old castle of the Fitzgerald*, which 



d a branch of that family, now represented by the Duke of 

 LeinsUT, wi*h their war-cry and motto ' Croom-a-boo ' (Groom l'"r 

 ever). This castle ha* been partially repaired, and is now inh:r 

 Potty-session* are held in Croom. There are here a bridewell and a 

 .try. Fair* are held on May 3rd, June 22nd, September 1st, 

 and December 8th. 



CltnsNt). [O.U.ICIA.1 

 CKOTOX, or CROTONA. 



CKOWl.ANII. [1 I.M-OI.N-I 



rUnVDUX, Surrey, a market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Croydon and hundred of Wullingtou, is situated 

 on the river Wandle, iu 51" 22' N. lat, 5' W. long., 9 miles S. from 

 London by road, and 10 miles by the London and Brighton railway. 

 The population of the town of Croydon in 1851 was 10,200. The parish 

 is under the management of a Local Board of Health. The living is a 

 vicarage in the archdeaconry of Maidstone aud diocese of Canterbury. 

 Croydon Poor-Law Union contains 11 parishes and townships, with 

 an area of 33,559 acres, and a population in 1851 of 31,'Ji'l. 



The name Croydon, which in Domesday Book is Croinedone, appear* 

 to be derived from the locality of the town on the edge of the chalk 

 (croif, chalk, and dune, hill). The situation, from iU contiguity to 

 the Banstead Downs, is pleasant and healthy. At the Norman 

 Conquest the manor of Croydon, with a royal palace, was given to 

 Lanfrauc, archbishop of Canterbury. This palace during a long 

 period was a chief residence of the succeeding primates. It was built 

 of timber, and was in 1278 in its original state. No part of the present 

 structure is older than the 14th century, and large portions of it were 

 rebuilt by nrchbUhops Wake and Herring. In 17*0 it was sold and 

 became a calico manufactory, and the gardens were used for blc 

 grounds; to which use the buildings and grounds are still n;< 

 The old chapel is now used as a school of industry for girls. The 

 present summer residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury is 

 mile* and a half from Croydon, at the mansion in Addington Park, 

 which stands on the site of a hunting seat of Henry VIII. On a lull 

 towards Addingtou is a cluster of twenty-five tumuli ; and on Thunder- 

 field Common is a circular encampment inclosing with a double moat 

 an area of two acres. Gold coins of Domitian, Valentinian, and 

 Itomon emperors have been found in tho neighbourhood. 



The town of Croydon consists of a principal street about a mile in 

 length, forming part of the main road to Brighton, tho hoi. 

 which are rather neat and well built ; and of an ' old town,' which 

 lies en the west of the main street, aud consists of a few narrow 

 of mean houses. The town-hall and the jail are commodious 

 and .substantial Btoue buildings ; the barracks have extensive u 

 modation for artillery. The parish church of St John's, erected in 

 the 15th century, is one of the largest and finest churches in the 

 county. It is built of freestone aud flint, with a lofty embattled 

 at the west end, surmounted with pinnacles. The interior contains 

 several magnificent monuments of the archbishop* there int 

 those of Sheldon and Whitgift may be especially not : 

 churches have been recently ereetod. The Independent 

 Wesleyau Methodists, Quakers, and Koman Catholics have places of 

 worship. There are National, British, and Infant schools; a !: 

 and scientific institution with a library; a dispeufiu 

 bank. There are several ancient charitable foundation", the \-: 

 of which are the hospital or almxhousc of the Holy Trinity, built by 

 Archbishop Whitgift in 1506, and well endowed, for the maintenance 

 of 34 decay : and a school for pirls, founded by 



Archbishop Tenuison. Tho East India Company's College of Cadets, 



at Addiscombe House near Ci-oyd lias 14 professors and masters, 



.:!; about 140 students. The summer assizes are held at Ci 

 idteniiitely with (iuildford. A county court is held in the town. 

 Saturday is tho market-day; fairs are held on July tith and October 

 2nd. The October fair is noted for the sale of walnuts. Shirley 1'ark, 

 the residence of Lord Eldon, is in the neighbourhood of Croydon. 



.niiij:. fumy; Brayley, .Surrey; Lysous, Environ* of London; 

 nicationfrom C'royrfon.) 



(HI .MI, IN. [ANTIUM.] 



( IMV.. SANTA. [SA2ITA Cm-z.] 



ciil '/., Vi:i;.\. [VERACRI /. | 



\'l), a market-town in Hungary, gives name to a com, 1 y, 

 ituated on a neck of land opposite the confluence of the Koros 

 and Thfi-s, in 1C. 43' N. lat, 2" :' K. long. It in well-buili. 

 had in 1845 about 14,000 inhabitants, who live .-hi. fly on tho 

 produce of their vineyards, rearing cattle, and trading with other 

 parts of Hungary. 'I'll' old eostleis fallen intocomplete decay. The 

 i-oiiiit- .w held at S/ei;edin. 



: I ON, a large city of Assyria, situated on the left bank 

 of tliu Tigris, 18 or 2" miles from the present Baghdad, was the 

 winter residence of the I rthia. (Strabo, p. 743 c ; Tacitus, 



' Ann.' vi. 42.) 'J I ipln>n in the winter on account 



of the mildness of the climate ; in Hummer they resided :>t Kchatana 



or in Hyrcania. The town appears to have 1 n founded by Vardnnes, 



but who he was or when hu lived ii unknown. (Ammianus Mar- 

 ccllinus, xxiii. 20.) It was a place of little consequence however till 

 the cstil-li limeiit of the P.ntiiMi' empire, and it then rosetc eminence 

 on the decay of the neighbouring city of Scluuceia. Ammianus 

 ascribes the embellishment of the city to Pacorus, SOB of Orodes. It 



