CUDDAPAH. 



CUM.E. 



0)0 



of these attacks, in which the besiegers lost 600 men, occurred only 

 two days before the arrival of the news of peace having been con- 

 cluded between France and England : this event of course put an end 

 to hostile operations. Cuddalore, with the remainder of the province, 

 came into possession of the English by treaty in 1801, and has so 

 continued. [CARNATIC.] 



(Renneli, Memoir ; Mill, History.) 



CUDDAPA'H, or Kirpa, a corruption of the Sanscrit word Cripa, 

 signifying mercy. This division of the Balaghaut territory, ceded to 

 the English by the Nizam in 1800, is situated between 13 and 16 

 N. lat., and between 77 and 80 E. long. [BALAOHAUTS.] Cuddapah 

 has been constituted a collectorate by the English, and contains seven 

 subdivisions, namely, Cuddapah, Cummum, Dupaud, Gandicotta, 

 Gurrumcondah, Punganoor, and Sidout : each of these subdivisions 

 is named after its capital town. Throughout this collectorate, salt- 

 petre, soda, and common salt are found abundantly, and to this cause 

 it is owing that, except in the rainy season, the water is generally 

 brackish. 



The town of Cuddapah, in 14 32' N. lat., 78 54' E. long., stands 

 507 feet above the level of the sea, on both sides of the river 

 Cuddapah, a small stream which rises in the hills to the south-east of 

 the town, and is 153 miles N.W. from Madras, and 220 miles N.E. 

 from Seringapatam, travelling distance. This town was long the 

 capital of an independent Patan state, and so continued for some time 

 after the destruction of the kingdoms of the Deccan. The palace of 

 the former nabobs has been converted into a court of justice and a 

 prison. In the country surrounding the town a considerable quantity 

 of sugar is made. The celebrated diamond mines of Cuddapah are 

 about 7 miles north-east of the town, on both sides of the Pennair 

 Kiver. These mines have it is said been worked for several hundred 

 years with various success. The places in which diamonds have 

 hitherto been found consist either of alluvial soil or of rocks of the 

 latest formation. The mines are pits of small depth. Dr. Heyne, 

 who carefully examined these mines, has given in his statistical tracts 

 the following description of one : " The uppermost, or superficial 

 stratum, consists of sand or gravel mixed with a small proportion of 

 loam. Its thickness scarcely exceeds a foot and a half. Immediately 

 under it Is a bed of stiff blueish or black mud, similar to what are 

 seen in places that have been inundated ; it is about five feet thick 

 and contains no stones. The diamond bed comes nest, and is easily 

 distinguished from the incumbent bed by the great number of large 

 rounded stones which it contains. It is about two feet or two and 

 a half feet thick, and is composed of large round stones, pebbles, and 

 gravel connected together by clay." The contents of this bed are 

 washed out and then carefully examined several times. At first the 

 large stones are picked out; in the subsequent examinations the 

 smaller gravel is carefully turned over by hand, while the persons 

 employed " watch for the spark from the diamond, which invariably 

 strikes the eye." 



Cummum, the capital of the subdivision of that name, is in 15 37' 

 N. lat., 79 10' E. long., 56 miles N.W. from Ongole. Dupaud stands 

 in 15 58' N. lat., 79 23' E. long. Dupaud division, which is 

 traversed by the Oondigam River, contains copper ore of good 

 quality. The town and fort of Gandicotta are in 14 51' N. lat., 

 78 23' E. long., 43 miles N.W. from the town of Cuddapah. This 

 was formerly considered a place of much strength ; it is now of but 

 little importance. There is a diamond mine in the neighbourhood. 

 Gurrumcondah, near the verge of the Eastern Ghauts, is situated in 

 13 46' N. lat., 78 34' E. long:, about 130 miles N.W. from Madras. 

 The district is well watered by several mountain streams, and is very 

 productive. Punyanoor is a fortified town, in 13 21' N. lat., 78 3 

 E. long., 47 miles N.W. from Vellore. Sidout is a fortified town, in 

 14 30' N. lat, 79 2' E. long., 12 miles E. from Cuddapah. It is 

 surrounded by high stone walls in good repair, within which are 

 ramparts ; the fort is commanded by some of the neighbouring hills. 

 It was taken by Hyder, who carried away the family of the nabob, 

 and placed them in confinement. The town has much declined in 

 population since the occupation of the country by the English, 

 and the removal of the government offices to Cuddapah. The entire 

 population of the collectorate of Cuddapah does not probably much 

 exceed one million. The great bulk of the inhabitants are Hindoos. 



(Renuell, Memoir of a Map of Hindustan ; Heyne, Statistical Tracts 

 on India ; Parliamentary Papert.) 



CUENCA. [CABTILLA-LA-NCKVA.] 



CUKR.S. [VAB.] 



CULLEN, Scotland, a royal and parliamentary burgh and sea-port 

 in the pariah of Cullen, on the northern coast of Banffshire, in 57 42' 

 N. lat., 2 60' W. long., about 13J miles W. from Banff. The popu- 

 lation of the parliamentary burgh in 1851 was 1697, that of the royal 

 burgh was 3165. The town is built on the western acclivity of a hill 

 which slopes to the margin of the sea, and is nearly in the centre of 

 li is governed by 19 councillors, including 



a chief magistrate, three bailies, and a dean of guild ; and with Elgin, 

 Banff, Inverury, Kintore, and Peterhead, returns one member to the 

 rial Parliament. 



\<:n consists of two parts, the New Town which stands on an 

 elevation, and the Sea Town or Fish Town, which is situated on the 

 nhore and inhabited chiefly by fishermen. In New Town the houses 



are good and the streets are regularly laid out and lighted with gas. 

 The Sea Town is a collection of mean irregularly built houses. The 

 harbour is good, though the depth of water at the pier head ia ouly 

 8^ feet at neap tides. A few vessels belong to the port varying 

 from 40 to 100 tons. Besides the parish church, which is of consider- 

 able antiquity, there is another church of the Establishment, and a 

 Free church. The Cullen hotel is a large building, to which are 

 attached the assembly-room, a court hall, used for the sheriff and 

 Justice of Peace courts, and the council chamber of the burgh. One 

 third of the inhabitants of the town are engaged in the fisheries. The 

 deep-sea fishing for cod, skate, and ling commences in February and 

 ends in May. The June fishings are for haddocks, which are dried 

 into speldinga ; the herring fishing occupies July and August. In 

 the bay is a salmon fishery. The principal imports are coals, salt, and 

 staves, with barley for distillation at a distillery in the neighbourhood ; 

 the exports are herrings, dried fish, oats, and potatoes. Boat building 

 is carried on to a considerable extent. There is a parochial library. 

 Cullen was erected into a royal burgh by Robert the Bruce, though 

 traditionally its corporation privileges are said to be derived from 

 Malcolm Canmore. The town was burned down in 1645 byMoutrose. 

 The Earl of Seafield is landlord of the whole pariah. 



(New Statistical Account of Scotland.) 



CULM, or KULM. [MARIENWEHDER.] 



CULMBACH (Kulmbaeh), a walled town in Upper Franconia, in 

 the north of Bavaria, is situated in a fertile and agreeable country on 

 the left bank of the White Main, in 50 5' N. lat., 11 27'. E. long., and 

 has about 5000 inhabitants. It is a well-built town, with three 

 churches, a Latin school, hospital, infirmary, several breweries, 

 potteries, earthenware manufactory, tile-works, tanneries, &c. In 

 the neighbourhood much potter's clay is raiaed ; and on a mass of 

 rock close to the town stands an old castle, the Plassenburg, at present 

 used as a house of correction, the prisoners in which are employed in 

 weaving carpets and coarse woollens, and spinning yarn. The out- 

 works of the castle were razed by the French in 1808. Culmbach is 

 a station on the railway from Niirnberg to Hof. It is 24 miles 

 N.E. from Bamberg and about the same distance E. from Lichtenfels, 

 both of which are on the same line. 



CULROSS, Perthshire, Scotland, a royal burgh in the parish of 

 Culross, is situated on the northern shore of the Frith of Forth, in 

 56 4' N. lat., 3 37' W. long., 23 miles N.W. by W. from Edinburgh, 

 and 6 miles W. from Dunfermline. The population in 1851 was 605. 

 The burgh is governed by two bailiea and seven councillors, of whom 

 one is provost. Culross, with Stirling, Dunfermline, Inverkeithing, and 

 South Queensferry, returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



The town consists of a few irregular streets, the housea in which 

 are built on the face of the hill riaing from the shore. At the time 

 of its erection into a royal burgh by James VI. (James I. of England), 

 in 1588, the town was very prosperous owing to coal-works in the 

 neighbourhood, the produce of which was exported to Holland. The 

 manufacture of ' girdles,' or iron plates, for baking oaten cakes, of 

 which Culross had a monopoly by patent, was also a flourishing 

 trade, but it has been superseded by the cheaper productions of the 

 Carron iron-works. Some of the inhabitants are employed in the 

 cotton and linen manufactures. There is a small pier for fishing and 

 pasaage boats, which cross the Forth to Borrowstonness. 



The abbey or monastery of Culross was founded in 1217, and con- 

 siderable remains of it still exist. The former chapel of the abbey 

 now forms the parish church. It is a cruciform building, with a 

 massive western tower, and stands in a commanding situation in the 

 higher part of the town. At the east end of the town are the ruins 

 of St. Mungo's Chapel, near which it ia said the saint waa born. 

 Of th former parish church some ruins still remain in the parish 

 burial-ground. The town-house is an old building. Culross parish 

 is separated from Perthshire by a part of Clackmannanshire, and is 

 politically united to Clackmannaushire and Kinross-shire. There 

 are two clergymen in the charge, which ia collegiate. An endowed 

 school is in the burgh, in addition to the burgh school and the parish 

 school. 



CUM^E (Kv/tri), an ancient town on the coast of Campania, about 

 10 miles W. by N. from Naples, which has been long since totally ruined. 

 Strabo describes it as a joint colony from Chalcia in Eubosa and from 

 Kumd in .(Eolis, named after the latter but always styled as a colony 

 of the former. It is certain that it was one of the earliest Greek 

 colonies on the coast of Italy. A colony from Cumoo originally 

 founded Zancle, afterwards Messene, in Sicily (Thucyd. vi. 4), in the 

 8th century B.C. Cumai seems to have rapidly attained great wealth 

 and importance through its maritime trade, and at the period of its 

 greatest prosperity, about B.C. 700500, it was the first city in thia 

 part of Italy, and had extended its sway over the greater part of 

 Campania. The Etruscans are said by Dionysius to have sent an 

 army against Cumse, which however was defeated near the banks of 

 the Vulturnus. Athensus (xii.) describes from older writers its 

 former splendour and the wealth of its citizens. According to Livy 

 (viii. 22), the people of Pivljcopolis (afterwards Neapolis) were also a 

 colony from Cumao. The story of the Sibylline bouks being offered 

 to Tarquin, attributes them to a Sibyl or prophetess who at some 

 remoter period resided at Cumse. The same Tarquin the Proud, after 

 vain attempts to recover his sovereignty, died at Cumse, where he had 



