617 



CUM AN A. 



fTMBERLAM' 



ought an anylura under Aristodemus, who, himself an exile from 

 Mtjsimis and driren away by the Laoedasmonions, had come t<> ' 

 and usurped the sovereign power. The city wu taken in ac. I." by 

 the Smnnites, who pillaged it, slew the male inhabitants or aolil them 

 as slaves, and settled a colony in the city. From this time <'mua> 

 ceased to be a Greek city, and became a second-rate dunpanian town. 

 At the end of the Latin war Cnoue was included in the general peace 

 with Capua and .other towns of Campania. (Livy, viii. 14.) During 

 the second Punic war Curate was still independent and had its own 

 senate, which, instead of siding with Hannibal like the Companions, 

 took part with Rome, and by iU timely information to the consul 

 Svmpronius Qracchus enabled him to surprise the Campanianu while 

 offering their sacrifices, and to kill a great number of them. Upon 

 this Hannibal hastened from his camp on Mount Tifate to attack 

 Cumaj, which wu defended by Gracchus, who repulsed the Cartha- 

 ginians with great loss. (Livy, xxiii. 36, 37.) Cumie gradually declined 

 from its former importance owing to 'the superior attractions of Baite. 

 Juvenal (' Sat.' 3) speaks of it as comparatively depopulated. Under 

 the empire Cumcc was celebrated for the manufacture of red earthen- 

 ware. It suffered afterwards in the wars between the Goths and 

 Narrc*, who availed himself of the Sibyl's grotto to undermine the 

 citadel, without however effecting the capture of the fortress, although 

 he destroyed or disfigured the Sibyl's abode. Cumaj was at one time a 

 bishop's see, but the town being completely destroyed by the Saracens 

 at the beginning of the 13th century the see was incorporated with 

 that of Naples. The town lay partly on the hill which ia rocky and 

 steep, and partly on the sea-shore. There are the remains of an 

 amphitheatre in the plain towards the south. The Temple of Apollo 

 stood in the Acropolis on the hill which is now called Rocca di Cuma. 

 The ground is here strewed with prostrnte columns, capitals, and fine 

 marble slabs with Greek inscriptions, half-covered with aromatic 

 herbs, wild flowers, and the leaves of the vine-trees, which grow here 

 luxuriantly. A farm-house on the hill is still called the House of the 

 Sibyl, and the people pretend to show her baths, which are now 

 converted into wine-presses, and her grotto, which is an excavation 

 in the rock (on which the citadel of Cuma; stood) leading to several 

 subterraneous galleries half-filled with rubbish, and said to extend 

 as far as Averno and Baijc, Man; statues have been found in this 

 neighbourhood. From the summit of the rock there is an extensive 

 view extending on one side over the wide expanse of the Mediterranean, 

 and on the other over the lakes of Fusaro, Licoli, and Patria, and the 

 lowlands of the coast as far as Gaeta ; while to the enst the Mous 

 Gaurus separates it from the coast of Pozzuoli and the Bay of Naples. 

 The plain is strewed with the ruins of temples, villas, baths, and 

 sepulchre*. Many farm-houses are scattered about, for the country 

 is fertile though unwholesome in summer. The road from Pozzuoli 

 to Cuma passes under a fine arch or gateway, inclosed between two 

 rocks, through which the road has been excavated. This arch, 

 probably a work of the Roman period, is now called Arco Felice. 

 Petronius Arbiter, the discarded favourite of Nero, put himself to 

 death at Cunue in the manner related by Tacitus. (' Annal.' xvi. 19.) 

 Excavations made at different periods have brought to light numerous 

 architectural fragments, statues, and vases, many of them of the best 

 period of art. The Prince of Syracuse has recently been most assiduous 

 in exploring the ground, and he disinterred many ' wonders of art ' in 

 1863. Among them is mentioned a temple of Diana, 345 palms in 

 length, the architecture and embellishment* of which are said to 

 equal anything that remains of the Parthenon. In the same year 

 more than 150 tomb* of the necropolis of the ancient city were 

 explored, and a variety of antiquarian treasures, such as vases, rings, 

 artic'cs in coloured glass, &c., were found. These interesting discoveries 

 are described in the correspondence of the ' Athcntcum' for 1853. 



CUMANA. [VINI-ZI-M.A.] 



CUMANIA, or RUMANIA, Great and Litlle,two privileged district* 

 in Hungary. 



Gnat A'mnanm lie* between 47 and 47 40' N. lat., 20" 30' and 

 21* ID' E. long., independently of a small district on the right bunk 

 of the Kciro*, and another on the left bank of the same river. The 

 whole surface is a low plain, containing an area of about 424 square 

 mile*, on* half of which is a swampy bog. The upper part was 

 reclaimed to a great extent by the construction of an immense dam 

 ia the year 178. Such portions of the soil as admit of cultivation 

 an extremely productive, and yield plentiful crops of wheat, barley, 

 melons, Ac, The meadows and pasture* afford excellent fodder and 

 hay, and the rearing of cattle is carried on extensively. The land is 

 full of bulruabe*, which, with straw and dung, supply the place oi 

 fuel The inhabitant* are a robust race, very fond of rural pursuits. 

 There are no large landed proprietors, or feudal lords, as in most part* 

 of Hungary ; the people have independent jurisdictions of their own ; 

 and used to send representatives to the Hungarian Diet Greal 

 Cumania contains one market-town (Kardttag I'j RzAllAi, 47 20' 

 X. lat., 20* 56' K. long., which ha* about 11,100 inhabitant*, and is 

 a thriving mart for the grain, fruit, wine, and cattle, which the 

 exuberant fertility of the surrounding country enables the people to 

 raise) and 6 village*. 



Lilt It Cummia, lituated south of the preceding, and on Uie right 

 bank of the Thews, consist* of two large and three small tract* 

 The larger 



of country. 



tract* adjoin the county of Csongrad on 



the east, and the counties of Bac* and Csongrdd on the 

 their northern boundary is the county of Peath : two small tract* lie 

 to the east of them, the one, next to the county of Heves, consisting 

 of two prscdia, or privileged settlement* ; and the other, of Latzhaxa, 

 with its small territory and two pncdia, on the Danube, between 

 RutrkeVy and UugyL Witli the exception of a few sand-hill", the 

 whole of Little Cumania is a complete level It* area is altogether 

 about 1003 square miles, and it* population about 63,000. The 

 country is full of swamp* and sheets of water, but has no running 

 streams. A great part of the surface is occupied by these swamps, or 

 with sand ; but the available, surface contains fine tract* of rich loam, 

 and is fertile in grain. Besides grain, Little Cumania produce* 

 tobacco and melons; cattle, sheep, and horse* are reared on it* 

 pasture*. The Palatine of Hungary is the immediate governor both 

 of Great and Little Cumania ; the chiefs of districts, and justice* of 

 circles, are subject to his authority. The people of Little Cumania 

 are a* independent, robust of make, and rich, as their brethren in 

 Great Cumania- Little Cumania contains 3 market-towns, 5 Tillage*, 

 and 37 prsodia. The towns are Hnlat, on the banks of the Halasto, 

 a large sheet of water, in 46 36' N. lat., 19 32' E. long. It has a 

 population of about 10,000, and a considerable trade in grain and 

 wine. FdtgyMia, between Ketskemc't and Szcgedin, has 12,970 inha- 

 bitants, and is embellished with a handsome edifice, where the 

 Cumanians have their courts of justice and keep their archives. Near 

 this place several Roman urns have been dug up. There is an 

 extensive traffic here in grain, fruit, wine, and cattle. A'un Sunt- 

 Millot lies on the Baker, to the south of Pesth, and has about 4300 

 inhabitant*. 



CUMBER. POWXSHIRE.] 



CUMBERLAND, one, of the northern counties of England, lies 

 between 64 11' and 55 12' N. lat, and 2 17' and 3 87' W. long. 

 It is bounded N. by the Solway Frith and Scotland, S. by Westmore- 

 land and Lancashire, E. by Northumberland and Durham, and W. by 

 the Irish Sea. The extreme length of the county is about 74 miles, 

 and its greatest breadth 34 miles. Its area ia 1565 square mile*. The 

 population of Cumberland in 1841 was 178,038; in 1851 it was 

 195,492, being an increase of nearly 10 per cent. 



In consequence of the cultivation of extensive commons and waste 

 lands, the aspect of the county has been completely changed. Within 

 the last sixty years more than 250,000 acres have been inclosed. Many 

 of the commons which previously afforded only a scanty pasturage to 

 a few half-starved sheep and cattle, are now covered witli iVrtile corn- 

 fields and profitable herbage, and have hawthorn fences, good roads, 

 and commodious farm-buildings. 



Surface, Hydrography, and Communication*. The east and south- 

 west parts of the county are very mountainous, rugged, and uneven ; 

 the north and north-west parts are low and flat, or gently undulating. 

 Hills, valleys, and ridge* of elevated ground occupy the midland 

 part To a traveller, the mountainous district in the south- v. 

 the most interesting. This part contain* Saddleback, Skiddaw, and 

 Helvellyn, and the lakes of Ullswater, Thirlmere, Derwent-water, and 

 Bassenthwaite. This magnificent assemblage of lofty mountains and 

 beautiful lakes annually attract* tourists from all part* of the kingdom, 

 from the continent, and from America. Several of the other district*, 

 though not mountainous, are hilly, and present an endless variety of 

 landscape ; some of the valleys are traversed by rivers, and afford 

 perhaps a greater variety of delightful scenery than any other county. 

 Beside* the lakes already mentioned, there are several of smaller size, 

 equally celebrated for their diversified and picturesque scenery. But- 

 tvrmtire, Crummock-water, Lowes-water, Eunerdale, Wait-water, and 

 Devock-lake, are frequently visited by travellers in their excursions. 

 There arc also several mountain-tarns, or small pieces of water, the 

 chief of which are Over-water, not far from Uldale ; Burn-moor-tarn, 

 at the head of Miterdale; Tarn Wadling, near High Hesket; 

 Talkin-tarn, in the parish of Hayton ; and Martin-tarn, in that of 

 Wigton. 



The following is a tabular view of the principal lake* of Cumber- 

 hind : 



All the lake* are well stocked with fish, particularly with trout, 

 pike, and perch. Ullswater, Ennerdale, Cruuimock, and Buttermere 

 contain clmr. Tarn Wadling produces some of the finest carp in the 

 kincdcini. There are several picturesque waterfalls, <if which the 

 fallowing arc the principal, with their respective situations and 

 heights : 



