818 



CUMBERLAND. 



CUMBERLAND. 



650 



Feet. 

 190 



100 

 90 

 80 

 60 



Scale Force, near Buttermere ..... 

 Barrow Cascade, two miles from Keswick . . . 



Lowdore Cascade, near Keswick ..... 

 Sour Milk Force, near Buttermere ..... 

 Airey Force, Gowbarrow Park ..... 

 Nunnery Cascade, Croglin ...... 



The following are the names and altitudes of the principal moun- 

 tains, aud the districts in which they are situated : 



Feet. 



Scaw-fell (high point) . . Eskdale . . . 3166 



Helvellyn Keswick . ... 3055 



Skiddaw Keswick . . . 3022 



Bow-fell Eskdale . . . . 2911 



Cross-fell Alston . . . 2001 



Pillar Vast-water . . . 2893 



Saddleback .... Keswick . . . 2787 



Grassmere-fcll . . . . Keswick . . . . 275G 



High Pike licaket New Maikct . 2101 



Black Comb Duddon Mouth . . 1919 



Drnt Hill Egremont . . . 1110 



Scilly Bank Whiulmen ... 500 



The offsets of the western or Skiddaw range of primitive and tran- 

 sition mountains extend within five miles of Carlisle, and four miles 

 of Wigton. Those of the secondary (Cross-fell, or Penine chain) do 

 not reach quite so far north as Tindale-fell, near Brampton. 



The principal rivers in Cumberland are the Eden, the Esk, the 

 Derwent, and the Duddon. The Eden enters the county on the south, 

 where it unites with the Eamont, runs to the east of Penrith, and 

 passes Kirkoswald, Armathwaite, Corby, Warwick-bridge, and Carlisle, 

 receiving in its progress the Croglin and the Irthing on the right bank, 

 and the Peteril and the Calder on the left bank. The Eden discharges 

 itself into the Solway Frith, near Kocklilf, where it forms a fine 

 sostuary. The scenery along the course of the Eden in this county, 

 which is about 35 miles, ia very varied and beautiful The mansions 

 and pleasure-grounds of Skirwith Abbey, Eden Hall, Nunnery, Arma- 

 thwaite, Low House, Corby Castle, Warwick Hall, and Rickerby, 

 adorn its banks. The Esk enters Cumberland from Scotland, and 

 passes Kirk-Andrews and Netherby, flowing through a beautiful 

 valley in a south-west direction to Longtown. After receiving the 

 Liddell, which rises in Scotland, and for about eight miles forms the 

 boundary between Scotland and Cumberland, and the Line, which is 

 formed by the junction of two streams arising near Christenburgh 

 Crags, called Black Line and White Line, it falls into the Solway Frith 

 near Rockliff Marsh. Its course in this county is about 10 miles. 

 The Derwent takes itg rise from Sparkling-tarn, among the crags at 

 the head of Borrowdale, passes through Styhead-tarn, and forms the 

 lake of Derwent-water, at Keswick, where it is joined by the Greta. 

 It then pursues its course to Bassenthwaite and Cockermouth. At 

 Bauenthwaite it forms Bassenthwaite-water, aud at Cockermouth it 

 receives the Cocker. After running about 33 miles and passing many 

 pleasant seats and villages, it falls into the sea near Workington. The 

 Duddon rises on Wrynose-Ml, near the junction of Cumberland with 

 Westmoreland and Lancashire, and in its course to the sea of about 

 20 milfs, forms the boundary between Cumberland and Westmoreland. 

 The Dudjon discharges itself into the sea at Duddon Sands. 



Of the smaller rivers the following may be named : The Sark runs 

 between Cumberland and Scotland for about six milesnearSolway-moss, 

 and finds its way into the Solway Frith. The Wampool rises in Brockle- 

 bank-fclls, at Dockray joins the Wiza, and runs past Oamblesby to the 

 sea, which it enters near Kirkbride. The Waver has its origin in 

 Brocklebank and Caldbeck-fells, and takes a similar course to the 

 estuary. The Ellen rises from Caldbeck-fells, and enters the sea at 

 Maryport after a course of about 18 miles. The Nent rises in the 

 south-eastern extremity of the parish of Alston, and joins the South 

 Tyne near the town of Alston. The South Tyne has its source in a 

 swamp or bog-ground about 7 miles E. by S. from the summit of 

 Cross-fell, and a little below Alston enters Northumberland. The 

 Tees rises in the same swamp, about a mile from the source of the 

 South Tyne, and for nearly four miles forms the boundary between 

 Cumberland and Westmoreland. The larger rivers abound with 

 salmon, trout, brandling, and various other kinds of fish, and the 

 smaller streams with trout and eels. Salmon-fishing commences in 

 the Eden, January 1st; in the Solway Frith and Esk, March 10th : it 

 closes on the 25th of September in all the Cumberland rivers except 

 the Derwent, in which it continues from the 10th of February to the 

 lot!, of October. Game, especially grouse, is sent in great quantities 

 to the south of England. 



The ship canal from Carlisle to the Solway Frith is the only canal 

 in Cumberland. [CARLISLE.] Two important turnpike-roads cross 

 the county : one passes from east to west and the other from south 

 to north ; the latter, one of the principal roads between London and 

 Glasgow and Edinbui-gh, enters the county near Penrith. It passes 

 through Carlisle and then through Longtown to Edinburgh ; previously 

 giving off a branch 3 miles north of Carlisle to Glasgow, by Gretna, 

 which crosses the Esk by a cast-iron bridge. The road from east to 

 wegt extends from Newcastle to Carlisle, 56 miles, and from Carlisle 

 to Whitehaven 41 miles. A turnpike-road extends from Brampton to 

 Longtown, 1 1 miles : there is also one from Keswick to Ambleside, 



1C miles, which passes through a pleasant and picturesque country. 

 There are several other turnpike-roads. The Lancashire, Kendal, and 

 Carlisle railway enters the county near Penrith and proceeds in a 

 northerly direction past Carlisle, quitting the county at Springfield, 

 about 10 miles from Carlisle : its total length in Cumberland is about 

 30 miles. The Newcastle and Carlisle railway proceeds eastward from 

 Carlisle ; its entire length in the county, which it quits near Deuton, 

 is about 20 miles. The Carlisle and Maryport railway proceeds from 

 Carlisle in a south-westerly direction to Maryport, 28 miles, whence 

 it is continued along the coast past Workington and Whitehaven, by 

 the Whitehaven and Furness junction to Broughton, 38 miles. From 

 Workington a branch, 84 miles long, is carried on to Cockermouth. 



Geology, Mineralogy, Jec. Cumberland is situated in the red marl 

 district which lines the western base of the great chain of mountains 

 denominated the British Apennines (the Backbone of England), 

 extending from the Tweed into Derbyshire. This district extends in 

 a northerly direction from the north-west corner of the Cheshire plain, 

 along the western coast of Lancashire into Cumberland and the south 

 of Dumfriesshire. White arid red sandstone, but chiefly the latter, 

 may be found almost everywhere within the limits described. St. 

 Bees' Head is entirely composed of new red-sandstone. At White- 

 haven the red marl formation is seen reposing on the coal formation, 

 covered by the marl-beds containing gypsum : the same formation is 

 seen filling up the great space between the Cumberland group of 

 mountains and the British Apennines at Cross-fell. At Newbiggin 

 and Coat-hill, near Carlisle, gypsum is found lying in red argillaceous 

 marl between two strata of sandstone : the former quarry is much 

 wrought, and gypsuni is exported in great quantities from Carlisle. 

 At Barrock, 3 miles to the south of Newbiggin, is a large rock of 

 greenstone, much used on the public roads. A trap or basaltic rock 

 is also observed near Berrier, at the hill called Binsey, and also on the 

 north side of the Derwent, near Cockermouth. The primitive aud 

 transition groups of the Cumbrian mountains consist of granite, sienite, 

 hypersthene, greenstone, slate, old red-sandstone, and mountain lime- 

 stone. A gray kind of granite is found in the bed of the Caldew, on 

 the north-east side of Skiddaw ; and also in a branch of the river 

 Greta, between Skiddaw and Saddleback. Sienite is met with at 

 Irton-fell, Muncaster-fell, and Nether Wasdale ; and hypersthene, in 

 conjunction with quartz aud felspar, commonly referred to the class 

 of sienite, at Carrock-fell. A reddish felspar porphyry is found on 

 Ambroth-fell and on both sides of St. John's Vale, near Keswick. 

 Varieties of slate, intersected by dykes of trap or greenstone, constitute 

 the great mass of Skiddaw, Saddleback, and the adjacent moun tains. 

 The common stone of the Keswick district is called blue rag, schistic 

 earth, or whintin. At Borrowdale, Eskdale, and Patterdale, Scaw-fell 

 and Helvellyn, and some adjacent places, gray slate ia associated with 

 hornstone, amygdaloid, and argillaceous porphyry, constituting the 

 towering crags and lofty precipices of these districts. Many of the 

 cataracts of the lakes fall over rocks of this description. Quartz, 

 garnets, calcareous spar, chlorite, epidote, and sometimes agate, opal, 

 and chalcedony, are fouud in these rocks. The old red-sandstone 

 occurs near Melmerby. Metalliferous limestone, productive of lead 

 ores, abounds in the mountains of the east and also of the west of 

 the county. Boulderstones, from the granite rocks of Dumfriesshire, 

 occur in the eastern parts of the county ; and some of the granite of 

 Caldew and of the sienite of Carrock is found near Carlisle. Shap-fell 

 boulders are found on the shores of the Solway Frith ; and boulders 

 from the sienite of Buttermere and Ennerdale are met with on the 

 west coast of the county. 



The minerals are silver, copper, lead, iron, plumbago, limestone, 

 and coal. Tho principal lead-mines are situated at Alston, and are 

 almost exclusively the property of Greenwich Hospital, to which 

 institution they were appropriated by Act of Parliament on the 

 attainder of the Earl of Derweutwater. Silver and copper are found 

 in some of the mines in the same veins with the lead-ore. Silver and 

 lead are got in abundance at Greenside and Eagle-crag in Patterdale. 

 Veins of lead-ore have been found aud worked between Skiddaw and 

 Saddleback, in Buttermere, Newlands, and Thornthwaite. There are 

 copper-mines at Alston, Caldbeck, aud at Wythburn. There is one 

 also below the level of Derweut-water, aud another in the parish of 

 Lowes-water. Iron-ore is raised in great abundance near Egremont ; 

 the thickness of the band of ore, which is hard solid metal, is said 

 to be between 24 and 25 feet. The quantity of iron-ore shipped 

 from Ulverston and Barrow is very great. The ore of this county 

 produces upwards of double the quantity of metal that is got from 

 iron-ore in general. Coal is worked to a large amount at White- 

 haven, Workingtou, and in the vicinity of Maryport, whence it is 

 exported to Ireland and the west of Scotland. The eastern part of 

 the county also abounds in coal, particularly Tindale-fell, Talkin, and 

 Blenkinsop, which produce the chief supply for Carlisle, Brampton, 

 Penrith, and the intermediate country. Some of this coal is now 

 exported at Port Carlisle to Ireland and Scotland. There are collieries 

 at Gilcrux, Arkleby, Oughterside, Bolton, and Hewer-lull. Limestone 

 is very abundant in many parts of the county. In some places it is 

 burnt in great quantities for exportation, particularly to the west of 

 Scotland. At Catlands the limestone is overlaid by the coal-measures 

 on all sides. Plumbago, or black-lead, is found in irregular masses in. 

 a rock of gray felspar porphyry at Borrowdale near Keswick. A little 



