653 



CUMBERLAND. 



CUMBERLAND. 



654 



herring fishery formerly employed the inhabitants, but is now of little 

 consequence. There are here a chapel of ease and a place of worship 

 for Quakers. Aspatria, about 6 miles N. E. from Maryport : population of 

 the joint township of Aspatria and Bray ton, 1123. The parish church 

 has many interesting architectural features. The Independents have 

 a place of worship in Aspatria. A small market is held on Thursdays. 

 St. Bees, a village near the sea-coast, about 4 miles S. from White- 

 haven : population of the township, 971. The parish church was 

 formerly a part of the monastery of St. Bega : the building is cruci- 

 form and has a massive tower. The nave only is used for public 

 worship. The chancel is occupied by the Clerical College and School 

 of Divinity, established in 1816 by Dr. Law, late bishop of Chester, 

 for the instruction of young men intended for holy orders. Nearly 

 1000 clergymen have been educated at St. Bees' College. The number 

 ordained in 1851-52 was 34. There were 115 students attending the 

 college in 1852. The Grammar school, founded at the close of the 

 16th century by Archbishop Grindall, has an income from endowment 

 of about 12001. a year. The provost of Queen's College, Oxford, has 

 the appointment of the head and second masters. There were 167 

 scholars in 1852. The school has some presentations to fellowships 

 and scholarships at both Oxford and Cambridge. Brigham, about 

 14 miles W. from Cockermouth : population of the township, 446. 

 The parish is extensive, having as its boundaries the lakes of Bassen- 

 thwaite, Buttermere, Crummock, and Lowes-water, and the river 

 Derwent. The parish church, dedicated to St. Bridget, is an ancient 

 edifice, possessing some fine windows ; it is situated on an emi- 

 nence on the left bank of the Derwent, about half a mile from 

 the village, in a position which commands an extensive prospect. 

 Borrowdale, a township in the parish of Crosthwaite ; the name is 

 also applied to an extensive and exceedingly picturesque district : 

 population of the township, 425. The celebrated mines of plumbago 

 or black lead are at the head of the valley of Borrowdale, about 

 9 miles from Keswick. Borrowdale chapel, which is near Rosthwaite, 

 was rebuilt and somewhat enlarged about twenty years back. 

 Borrowdale formerly belonged to the abbey of Furness. The people 

 of the district are chiefly employed in mining and agriculture. A 

 sheep fair is held on the first Wednesday in September. Bownea, 

 124 miles W. by N. from Carlisle : population of the township, 508. 

 The village is built on a cliff on the shore of the Solway Frith. The 

 site of the Roman station Tunnocelum was in the parish of Bowness ; 

 many coins and other Roman remains have been found here. Bowness 

 is much frequented by summer visiters for bathing. Although Bow- 

 ness is 7 miles from the head of the Solway Frith, at the mouths of 

 the rivers Esk and Sark, and the distance to the coast of Scotland is 

 about 2 miles, the sands are traversed at low water, when travellers 

 are conducted across by guides between Bowness and Annan in 

 Dumfriesshire ; at high water the channel is navigable for ships of 

 Urge burden. The parish church, dedicated to St. Michael, is a small 

 building of ancient date. There ia here a Free school founded in 

 1785. About a mile E. from Bowness, at a place called the Binnacle, 

 the ship canal from the city of Carlisle opens into the Frith. 

 [CARLISLE.] Buryh, in the parish of Burgh-by-Sand, a village about 

 5 miles N.W. by W. from Carlisle, and about 2 miles from Port 

 Carlisle at the mouth of the Eden : population of the township, 541. 

 The ship canal from Carlisle passes the village of Burgh on the north 

 side. The parish church of St. Michael is an ancient building, 

 constructed evidently for purposes of defence as well as of worship. 

 Buttermere, a small village in the parish of Brigham, about 8 miles 

 S W. from Keswick, situated between Buttermere-water and 

 Crummock-water : population of the chapelry of Buttermere, 78. 

 The village consists of a few small cottages and farm-houses. 

 The chapel is a small building erected at the expense of the Rev. 

 Vaughan Thomas. The chapel which formerly occupied the same 

 site was of very diminutive size, probably the smallest chapel in 

 England. Buttermere-water or lake attracts many visitors on account 

 of the picturesque beauty of the lake itself and the grandeur of the 

 surrounding scenery. Caldbeck, 12 miles S.S.W. from Carlisle : popu- 

 lation of the parish, 1667. The parish church, dedicated to St. 

 Kentigern, was repaired in 1818 ; the date of its erection is said to be 

 1112. The Independents and Quakers have places of worship. Cald- 

 beck possesses a woollen manufactory for blankets, flannels, duffles, 

 and stocking-yarns ; a fulling-mill, tile-works, bleach and dye-works, 

 and a brewery. About three miles south from the village are lead- 

 mines. Colder Bridge, 10 miles S.S.W. from Whitehaven : population 

 of the parish of St. Bridget Beckennet, 664. The village, which is 

 nituated on elevated ground on the banks of the river Calder, is much 

 vUitd on account of the picturesque ruins of Calder Abbey, which 

 stand on the right bank of the river, about a mile above the village. 

 The abbey was founded in the 12th century for monks of the Cister- 

 cian order. Part of the abbey church remains, with a tower supported 

 on pillars, from which spring beautiful pointed arches. Dahttm, on 

 the left bank of the river Caldew, about 4 miles S.S.W. from Carlisle : 

 population of the township, 1022. A small market is held here. The 

 pariah church, dedicated to St. Michael, was rebuilt about a century 

 ago : there are two Free schools. Rose Castle, an ancient building, 

 a residence of the Bishop of Carlisle, and supposed to have been the 

 principal episcopal residence from the early part of the 13th century, 

 hag received a thorough remodelling at the hands of the present 



bishop. Water-power is applied from the Caldew to work several 

 cotton-mills, a flax-mill, and a flour-mill. There is a manufactory of 

 agricultural implements. Dearham, about 2 miles E. from Maryport : 

 population of the township, 1209. Coal is extensively raised in the 

 neighbourhood, and there is an earthenware manufactory. The 

 church has an ancient font with curious carvings. The churchyard 

 contains a sculptured cross of considerable antiquity. Egremont, 

 population of the parish 2049, about 6 miles S.S.E. from Whitehaven, is 

 pleasantly situated on the banks of the Ehen, the stream flowing from 

 Ennerdale Lake. The parish church is an ancient structure, with a 

 low tower. The Wesleyan Methodists have a place of worship. There 

 is a National school. The ruins of Egremont Castle, a fortress erected 

 in the 12th century, stand on an eminence at the west end of the 

 town. Egremont sent members to Parliament in the time of Edward I., 

 but the expense of paying their representatives being too great for 

 the town, the privilege was, on petition, taken away. A small market 

 is held on Saturday, and there are fairs in February, May, and Sep- 

 tember. Uenborough, about a mile S.E. from Maryport : population 

 of the joint township of Elle'nborough and Ewanrigg, 969. This place 

 was the site of an important Roman station named Glanaventa. Many 

 Roman remains, including altars and inscribed tablets, have been 

 found here. The Free school is under the superintendence of trustees. 

 Garrigill, in the parish of Alston, near the eastern border of the 

 county, adjoining the county of Durham, population of the chapelry 

 1443, is situated near the river Tyne, a few miles from its source, and 

 is distant about 27 miles E.S.E. from Carlisle. The Independents 

 and Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists have places of worship. 

 Garrigill is conjointly with ALSTON the seat of a Poor-Law Union. 

 Gosforth, about 5 miles N. by W. from Ravenglass : population of the 

 parish, 1116. The village is of considerable size, but rather irregularly 

 built. The parish church is a small but neat building. The church- 

 yard contains a stone column, which was formerly surmounted by a 

 cross. Cattle fairs are held here on April 25th and October 18th. 

 Greystoke, about 18 miles N. from Carlisle : population of the town- 

 ship, 345. A few broken towers are all that remain of the ancient 

 castle ; the present castle was built about the middle of the 16th cen- 

 tury, and was improved by the late Duke of Norfolk ; around the 

 castle is an extensive park, stocked with deer. The parish church is 

 a spacious edifice of the decorated style. In the parish are collieries 

 and slate quarries. Hetket, 9 miles S. by W. from Carlisle ; High and 

 Low Hesket form one township, the population of which was 806. 

 The parish church, which was repaired in 1760, is a commodious 

 edifice. There is an Endowed school, which had 80 scholars in 1852. 

 Quarries of gypsum are worked to a considerable extent. In this 

 parish the Court of Inglewood Forest for the disposal of manorial 

 business is annually held on St. Barnabas Day under a thorn-tree by 

 the road side. Millom, near the mouth of the Duddon, 6 miles S. by 

 E. from Bootle, population of the townships of Upper and Lower 

 Millom, 980, was formerly a market-town ; it is now a place of no 

 consequence. There is here a small fishery, and there are mines in 

 the neighbourhood. The church is ancient, and contains some curious 

 monuments. The remains of a castle are used as a farm-house. 

 Nenthead, 44 miles E. by S. from Alston, population of the chapelry, 

 1964, is a somewhat busy place ; it has a small customary market on 

 Thursday. The church, a handsome building, of which all the scats 

 except six are free, was erected by subscription in 1845. There is a 

 Wesleyan Methodist chapel. The market-house is a convenient struc- 

 ture with a clock tower. The London Lead Mining Company have 

 extensive smelting-works here : they maintain a surgeon for their 

 workmen and miners, and have founded a school for the education of 

 the miners' children. Seaton, about a mile and a half N. from Work- 

 ington, population of the township 835, is a thriving place owing to 

 extensive iron-works and collieries in the neighbourhood. Some 

 remains of an old fortress are standing, which are known as Burrow 

 Walls. Sebergham, 10 miles S. from Carlisle, population of the parish 

 855, is a picturesque little village on the right bank of the Caldew, 

 which is here crossed by a bridge. The church is small but rather 

 handsome. In the parish are extensive coal-mines and limestone- 

 quarries. Wetheral, 4 miles E. by S. from Carlisle, population of the 

 township 635. There are here the remains of a Benedictine monastery. 

 The church is a rather superior building of the perpendicular style. 

 In the parish are mills for cotton spinning and the manufacture of 

 checks and ginghams. The Newcastle and Carlisle railway has a 

 station at Wetheral. 



Divieions for Ecclesiastical and Legal Purposes. The whole of the 

 county is in the diocese of Carlisle, with the exception of the ward of 

 Allerdale-above-Derwent in the diocese of Chester, and the parish of 

 Alston in that of Durham. There are 3 deaneries, Carlisle, Penrith, 

 andWigton; 1 archdeaconry; 104 parishes; 41 rectories; 28 vicar- 

 ages ; and 59 perpetual curacies and chapelries. According to the 

 ' Census of Religious Worship' taken in 1851, it appears that there 

 were then in the county 389 places of worship, of which 161 belonged 

 to the Church of England, 96 to the Wesleyan Methodists, 24 to 

 Independents, 23 to Primitive Methodists, 20 to Quakers, 17 to the 

 Wesleyan Association, 17 to Scotch Presbyterians, to Baptists, 8 to 

 Roman Catholics, and 14 to smaller bodies. The number of sittings 

 provided in all was 101,608. By the Poor-Law Commissioners 

 Cumberland is divided into 9 Unions : Alston with GarngOl Bootle, 



