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CUMBERLAND. 



(TI'AH KIKK. 



impton, Carlisle, Cockermoutb, I.ongtowii, Penrith, Whitehaven, 

 tod Wigton. These Unions include 200 parishes and townships, with 

 an area of 838,864 acres, and a population in 1851 of 194,935. 



Cumberland is comprehended in the province of York, and in the 

 northern circuit. The arizes are held nt Carlisle twice a year. The 

 Midsummer and Christmas quarter-Marions are held at Carlisle, and 

 the Eaiter and Michaelmas sesaions at Cockermouth. County court* 

 an held at Alston, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Keswick, Penrith, White- 

 haven, and Wigton. The county returns four members to the Imperial 

 Parliament; two for the eastern and two for the western division. 

 Carlisle sends two members, the borough of Cockermouth two, and 

 Whitehaven one. 



Hilary aA Axtiq*ilu*.The earliest inhabitants of Cumberland 

 of whom we have any account were tho Brigante*, a bold and warlike 

 people, conquered by the Romans about A.D. 121, when the famous 

 Roman or I'icts' WaU was erected by Hadrian, to prevent the ravage* 

 of the Caledonians, who bore an inveterate hatred to the Romans. 

 [BRITANMA.] This barrier was formed of earth, and connected a 

 chain of forta erected by Agricola in 78: being found insufficient, 

 Severus, in 210, built one of stone, from near the mouth of the Tyne 

 to the Solway Frith. The last was strengthened by an outward 

 ditch, and guarded by towers and a chain of forts and stations. 

 Remains of both walla, but particularly of that of Severus, may still 

 be traced in several places. At a very early period the inhabitants, 

 who were the true and genuine Britons, were called Cumbri : and 

 hence probably the name of the district, Cumberland. In almost 

 every part of the county are remains of British and Roman anti- 

 quities. About three miles from Kirkoswald is a Druidical temple, 

 consisting of a circle of 67, or according to some account* 72, unhewn 

 stones, called Long Meg and her Daughters. Another and more 

 entire circle of 48 rude stones is situated a mile and a half south- 

 east of Keswick. This county has been a perfect magazine of Roman 

 antiquities. The remains of Roman garrisons or stations are still 

 distinctly observable at Mary port, Old Carlisle, Old Penrith, and 

 Bewcastle. Several altars, inscriptions, coins, instruments, utensils, 

 Ac. have been discovered at these places. After the retreat of the 

 Romans, the country was laid waste and the city of Carlisle reduced 

 to a complete state of ruin by the Scots and Picts. The country 

 had also to endure the ravages of the Danes. During the Saxon 

 Heptarchy it was joined to the kingdom of Northumberland, but 

 was governed by it* own chieftain under what wns called the Danish 

 law, until the Norman Conquest. In 945 Cumberland was granted 

 to Malcolm king of Scotland, and was for a long time the scene of 

 war and bloodshed between the two crowns, being sometimes tinder 

 the dominion of the kings of England and sometimes under that of 

 the kings of Scotland. At the time of the Conquest the county was 

 in such a state of poverty and desolation that it was not rated in 

 the Domesday Book, William the Conqueror having ntmitted all its 

 taxes. Walter, one of his countrymen, laid the foundation of a 

 priory at Carlisle, which was afterwards converted into an episcopal 

 lee. In 1237 Cumberland was finally annexed to the crown of 

 England by Henry III. at a conference held at York; but the fends 

 between the two kingdom* continued for more than three centurim 

 afterwards, and this county, situated on the borders, and containing 

 the ' debateable land,' was often the scene of contention, rapine, and 

 bloodshed. In 1307 Edward I. died, on an expedition towards 

 Scotland, at Burgh Marsh, near Carlisle, where a monument has been 

 erected to his memory. The inhabitant* of the county at various 

 time* suffered many cruelties and deprivations, had several towns 

 burnt and monasteries destroyed, and were not relieved from hostile 

 attacks and inroads until the union of the two crowns by the 

 sinueeslmi of James I. Kveii lifter this time, outrages and robberies 

 were frequently committed. During the civil war between King 

 Charles and his Parliament, and also during the time of Cromwell, 

 Carlisle was besieged, and the inhabitants were much harassed and 

 distressed. This county was the scene of hostilities in the rebellion 

 of 1715 ; and again in 1745, when Carlisle was taken possession of by 

 Charles Stuart and his followers, and was retaken by the king's 

 forces under the Duke of Cumberland. 



There were formerly several monasteries and ancient hospitals in 

 Cumberland. The Augustine monks had a priory at Lanercost and 

 another at Carlisle. The Benedictines had priories at Wetheral, 

 8t Bee*, and Beaton. The Cistercians had an abbey at Holme 

 Cnltram and another at Calder. There was u convent of <!ray 

 friar, at Penrith ; one of Black friars and another of Gray friars 

 at Carlisle. There wen religion* houses of ancient foundation at 

 Carlisle, 8t Bees, and Dacre. A nunnery is said to In 

 founded at Carlisle by David, king of Scotland, at which place there 

 was an hospital for thirteen lepers, dedicated to St. Nicholas. At 

 Wigton, an hospital and free chapel were dedicated to St. Leonard. 

 Many of the old churches exhibit remains of the Norman and earl] 

 gothic architecture. Specimens of tho Norman style may be seen ii 

 the churches of Aspatria, Torpenbow, and Kirklinton; and of th 

 pointed gothic in the abbeys of Lanercost and Holme Cultram. Th_ 

 west end of the last-mentioned abbey ia a good specimen of the later 

 perpendicular style. The churches of Burgh-by-Sandu, Newton 

 Arloih, and Great Salkeld have strongly fortified towers, which 

 probably served a* place* of refuge for the inhabitants of these 



village* in the time of an invasion. Cockermouth church, " 

 the finest churches in the county, was destroyed by fire, on the night 

 of Friday, Nov. 15th, 1850, but has since been replaced by a neat 

 and commodious building, erected by subscription. In 1851 tho 

 county possessed *even savings banks, at Alston, Carlisle, Cocker- 

 moutb, Keswick, Maryport, Whitehaven, and Workington. The 

 total amount owing to depositors on the 20th of November, 1851, 

 u 2S0.776/. 16*. 



CUMBRAE, or CUMBRAY, Big or Great, Buteshire, Scotland, an 

 aland and parish in the Frith of Clyde, about 3 4 miles in length 

 rom N.E. to S.W., 2 mile* in breadth, from 10 to 11 miles in circum- 

 ference, and containing about 5120 acres. It lies between 65* 45' 

 and 55 4V N. lat, 4 52' and 4 56' W. long., 4 miles K. from tlic 

 aland of Bute and 2 miles W. from the coast of Ayrshire. The 

 population in 1851 was 1266. 



The name Cumbrae, derived from the Gaelic, signifies a steep coast 

 rising from the sea, an appearance which the island may at one time 

 lave presented, though the level of the ocean having sunk, the sea 

 las now left a flat space along the whole shore to the base of a range 

 of hills which run from south to north, and extend nearly the whole 

 cngth of the island, reaching about the middle an elevation . 

 eet. The shore is in some place* sandy, in others gravelly and 

 clayey, but in general it is rocky. The temperature of the island is 

 mild ; the prevalent winds are from the south and west, and ore 

 requently accompanied by rain ; the north and east winds are cold, 

 but the cold is rarely severe or of long continuance. The brown 

 whinstone forms the base of the hills, and is used for making the 

 roads. Freestone is quarried in abundance. The beds of this stone 

 are generally intersected by the whin. Limestone is found in consi- 

 derable quantities. The soil along the shore is light and sandy. In 

 the valleys it is a rich black loam, bedded on clay, and producing 

 good crops, while on the high grounds and hills it is light and thin, 

 ind covered with heath. There is not much wood on the Man.). 

 Three-fifths of the soil is under cultivation. The island abounds 

 with excellent spring water. 



The island of Cumbrae belongs to the Earl of Glasgow and the 

 Marquis of Bute, Lord Glasgow holding about two-thirds of the soil. 

 The land is divided into large farms, the houses and buildings of 

 which are generally good. Grain of all kinds is raised, though the 

 |iasturagc of black cattle and sheep is the principal agricultural 

 employment. 



The village of MUlpart is situated in the south-east comer of the 

 island, in 55 46' N. lat, 4 54' W. long. It is much resorted to in 

 summer for sea-bathing. There is an excellent harbour, capable of 

 affording complete protection from every storm to a large number 

 of vessels. A fine pier woo erected several years ago by Lord Bute. 

 The inhabitants of the village are occupied in weaving. There 

 is daily steam communication between Millport and Glasgow, Ayr, 

 and the various towns on the Frith of Clyde, and a ferry at all times 

 from the island to the Ayrshire coast. Several small vessels, chiefly 

 sloops, from 15 tons to 50 tons burden, belong to the harbour. 

 Besides the parish church the village contains a Free church, a 

 parochial library, a friendly society, and a savings bank. There is 

 another small village on the island called Newton. 



(New Statittical Account of Scotland.) 



<VMNKH. [I5KRKSHIRK.] 



CUMNOCK. [AYRSHIRK.] 



CUNEO. [Com.] 



CUNNINGHAM. [AYRSHIRE.] 



CUPAR ANGUS, or COUPAR ANGUS, IVrth-liiivim.l Korfurhin>, 

 Scotland, a town, and formerly a burgh of royalty, in the parish of 

 Cupar Angus, is situated iu 56 83' N. hi, 3 16' W. long., on a small 

 rivulet falling into tl..- rivrr lulu, near the point at which the Inla falls 

 into the Tay, about 16 miles N.K. from Perth, and 61 miles N. by \V. 

 from Edinburgh by the Edinburgh and Northern and tho Scottish Mill- 

 land railways. The part of the town south of this rivulet is iuForfai 

 the remainder and larger part in Perthshire. The population of the 

 town in 1861 was 2004. The town is neatly built, with lean and well- 

 lighted streets. In addition to the parish church there are chapels 

 for Episcopalians, the Free Church, United Presbyterians, Original 

 Secedera, and Independent*. A tower which occupies the site of ' !.. 

 old prison serves the double purpose of a town-house and a jail. Tin- 

 town contains a reading-room, a savings bank, and several charitable 

 societies. Linen-weaving, tanning, and bleaching are carri< 

 There are several fairs in the course of the year. Near the town are 

 the vestiges of a Roman camp, upon the site of which a monastery 

 was erected and richly endowed by Malcolm IV. in 1164. Of the 

 monastic buildings scarcely any remains are now left. 



CUPAR FIFE, Fifeshiro (ia named iu contradistinction from the 

 small towns of Cupar Angus and Cupar Grange in Perthshire), the 

 county town, and a royal and parliamentary burgh, is situai 

 56 19' N. lat,, 3 0' W. long.; nearly in the middle of the peninsula 

 nf Fife, at the confluence of the small streams Eden and Lady or 

 St Mary's Burn ; having on the south a range of high hills, and on the 

 north a fertile country, diversified with hills and numerous woods. 

 The town is 32J miles N. from Edinburgh, by the Edinburgh and 

 Northern railway, and the ferry on the Forth, and 144 miles K. from 

 Dundee. The population of the burgh in 1861 was 4005, that of the 



