CtTTTACK. 



. OZHATEK. 



, , 



Luckput Bunder, Slandavee, Kuhur, and Tahrah. Bkooj was founded 

 about SCO year* ago by Rao Bharra ; it tand on the nont li-wert aide 

 of a hill in 23* 18' N. lat, 69* 50' E. long. The fortifications are 

 extensive, but not well planned. The town contain* several uioique* 

 and pagodas of white masonry intenpened with plantations of date- 

 trees, and from a distance present! a handsome appearance, but on a 

 nearer approach there are found to be a large proportion of mean 

 dwellings. The palace of the rao is a large and well-built structure, 

 coTered with a kind of white enamel, which adds to its beauty. 

 Lurkjiut Jhauler, formerly called Bustabunder, but which obtained it* 

 present name in 1 793, when the fort of Luckput was built, stands near 

 the east side of the Koree, in 23 47' N. lot, 66' 66' E. long., 75 miles 

 N.W. from Bhooj. The town is built on the brow of a hill which 

 rises from a swampy plain ; it contains about 2000 inhabitants, and is 

 principally important as being on the high road from Bhooj and 

 Mandavee into Sinde. Previous to the great earthquake of 1819 the 

 communication from this town to the head of the tostuary of the 

 Koree was by means of a small shallow creek navigable only by small 

 boats, bnt the effect of the convulsion was to deepen the water to 

 eighteen feet and effectually to open the navigation ; it is however 

 not a place of much trade. M andarer, the principal sea-port of Cutch, 

 situated on the shore of the Indian Ooenn on the north side of the 

 entrance to the Oulf of Cutch, in 22" 51' N. lat, 69 34' E. long., is 

 the most populous place in the principality, nnd contains 50,000 

 inhabitant*, who are principally Bhattios, Banyans, nnd Brahmins. 

 The port is an open roadstead with a creek. There are 250 vessels 

 beloniring to the place, which carry on a very considerable trade with 

 Zanguebar and thv whole east coast of Africa, with the Red Sea and 

 Arabia, with the Persian Gulf, Mckran and Sinde, and with India us 

 far as Ceylon. The vessels employed in this traffic vary from 25 to 

 200 tuns burden ; they carry a large lateen anil, and have two matte, 

 but arc never decked ; they are navigated by native pilots, who have 

 acquired the use of the quadrant and steer by charts. The most 

 valuable branch of the trade of Maudavee is that carried on with the 

 eastern coast of Africa, a distance of 3000 miles, whence the merchants 

 of Cutch procure ivory, rhinoceros hides, and other valuable articles. 

 The principal article of export is cotton. Kohur, also a sea-port, is 

 situated in the Qulf of Cutch opposite to Wiiiuania on the Gujerat 

 peninsula, and is in 28 2' N. lat, 70 21' E. long., about 12 miles 

 from Anjar : the depth of water in this part of the gulf does not 

 admit of any but small vessels. The chief trade of Ilohur is carried 

 on with Gujerat Tahrah, a populous place inhabited principally by 

 Hindoos, is a fortified town about 30 miles 8.E. from Luckput Bunder, 

 on the road between that place and Mandavee. 



The population of Cutch may amount to about 500,000, about one- 

 half of whom are Mohammedans, and of the remaining half the 

 greater part are Hindoos. The Jharejah tribe of Rajpoots, who were 

 estimated in 1818 to amount to 12,000, ore believers in the Koran, 

 and at the same time adhere to many Hindoo observances. Thia 

 tribe, the chief of which is the rao or sovereign prince of Cutch, is 

 remarkable for the almost universal practice of female infanticide, a 

 practice which the English government has vainly endeavoured to 

 suppress. The morals of the tribe are in other respect* said to be 

 very degraded ; they are ignorant, indolent, and almost universally 

 addicted to indulgence in the use of intoxicating liquors : their wives 

 are necessarily procured from among other tribes. Cutch is held by 

 the Rao of Cutch under British protection, the annual subsidy payable 

 to the East India government being 20,000?. 



(Hamilton, k'att India. Gazetteer ; Parliamentary Pajn />. ) 



CUTTA'CK, a district in the province of Orisaa, bounded E. by the 

 Bay of Bengal, N.E. by the province of Bengal, W. by various Mah- 

 ratU states, and aw. by the Northern Circars. Its length from 

 north-east to south-west Is 180 miles, and its average breadth 110 

 miles. The area of the district is about 16,929 square miles. The 

 population is estimated at 761,806. On the coast, and for 20 miles 

 inland, the country is low, and covered with wood, and being subject 

 to inundation at spring-tides is very marshy. Beyond that distance 

 the country rises considerably, and the soil is dry and fertile. Still 

 farther inland it swells into hills, and is well wooded ; some of the 

 trees are valuable for cabinet work, and others are used In dyeing 

 The forrsts are infested with wild beauts. The region thus lying 

 beyond the manihy delta is called the Mogulbundy. Beyond thi" i. a 

 third rwinn, whieh is hilly, and extends westward as far RH clund- 

 Plus region is panelled among 16 hereditary Zamindars, who 

 are under the protection of the English, and pay a subsidy at the rate 

 of about one-tenth of the net pmduw of their estates. The country is 

 subdivided under these Zamindsrs into a great number of estates, which 

 are also held by hereditary succession. Iron and a great variety of 

 minerals ITS found in this hilly country. 



Cuttack is water d by numerous streams, which during tho rainy 

 son become large rivers. The principal of these are the Mahanuddy 

 and Its numerous branch the Rharainee, the Hyturni-, and the 

 flubimrerka. The Bkamiiirt rises in the mountains of (lundwana, 

 and flowing first to the south and then to the east, traverses the dis- 

 trict of Cuttack ; uniting with tin- Ib-mopah, a brunch of the Maha- 

 nuddy, it joins the sea near Point Palmyras. The Hyinrjue rises 

 among the mountains of Chuta Nsgpore in Bahar, and flows south 

 through Gangporc in Qnndwana ; on entering Cuttack it turns to the 



south-east, and afterwards to the east, and falls into the Bay of Bengal 

 in 20* 48' N. lat. The .Snointmte also rises in Chuta Nagpore, 

 and flows in a south-easterly direction, with a very winding < 

 for 9*0 miles, and joins the Bay of Bengal, forming the southern 

 boundary of the province of Bengal. These rivers abound with 

 :- 



In Cuttack the rainy season does not begin so early as in Bengal, 

 but it continues from September to November with so much violence 

 as to cause the different rivers to overflow their banks. In Nov 

 the weather becomes fine. From April to June the heat is very 

 oppressive, and would be hardly supportable but for occasional 

 thunder-storms, accompanied by rain. At other times the climate is 

 more temperate, but the thermometer seldom sinks below 64. 



The manufacture of salt is carried on along nearly the whole of the 

 coast ; the produce is very white and pure, and is considered to be 

 the finest manufactured in India : the manufacture yields a large 

 revenue. There is little other trade. The Mogulbiuidy produces 

 rice and other grains, pulse, spices, dyeing stuffs, and sugar. Maize 

 and wheat are the chief products in the hilly country farther inland. 

 During the periodical rains, when the rivers are full, a good i 

 teak and other timber is floated down to the coast. The forests in 

 which this timber is cut are very unhealthy, and for that reason can 

 be visited only at certain seasons of the year. 



The principal towns of the district are Cuttack, Balasore, an 

 gernautb, or Juggernaths, [CUTTACK; UAI.ASOHE ; Ju<. 

 The other towns, or rather large villages, deserving of mention, arc 

 Buddruck, Soroli, and Piply. Jivddruck is 88 mil s.s.VY. from 

 Balasore, in 21 7' N. lat., 80 26' E. long. It is this village and its 

 neighbourhood that furnish most of the people who M;V known in 

 Calcutta as Balasore bearers. Soroli is about 23 miles S.W. froui 

 sore ; it contains two fine tanks and the ruins of a mud fort . 

 is 27 miles S. from the town of Cuttack, in 20 J . 

 E. long. The district contains a great number of small villages. A 

 great part of the circulating medium of the district is < 

 cowries, supplies of which are obtained every year from the SI 

 Islands in return for groin. A considerable amount of bullion i> 

 carried into Cuttack by pilgrims, but the greater part of it generally 

 finds its way to Calcutta. 



The district of Cuttack, iucluding Balasore and other depend. 

 was ceded to the East India Company, in full sovereignty, by the Haja 

 of Berar in December 1803 ; the fort and town of Cuttauk were token 

 by the EnglUh army in the month of October preceding. The salt 

 monopoly was partially introduced soon after the acquisition < 

 territory, but was first legally recognised by the government in 1814. 

 The measures at first pursued operated rather to restrict the supply 

 than to subject the article to taxation, and much distress was tl, 

 occasioned to the people. The too rapid introduction of a new revenue 

 system led to numerous sales of land for arrears of rent, so that in the 

 course of eleven years more than one-half of the settled lands in the 

 Mogulbundy passed from the original possessors. A very serious 

 revolt, which was in consequence attempted in 1817, was not fully 

 quelled until two years after, causing a considerable sacrifice of lives. 

 After this insurrection arrangements were mode for supplying the 

 district with salt by on extended system of local sales, at fixed prices, 

 below those of the auction-sales at Calcutta, and by this means a much 

 larger quantity was sold for consumption within the district, the 

 revenue was improved, and the people were relieved from a severe 

 oppression. 



(Kennell, Memoir ; Parliamentary Papen.) 



i ' I T \ < ' K , the capital of the district above described, is situated in 

 20 27' N. lat, 86 6' E. long., about 251 miles S.W. by 8. from Call 

 and B02 miles S.E. from Delhi, travelling distances. The town is built 

 on a tongue of land between two branches of the Mahanuddy ! 

 During the rainy season it is completely insulated, and the town 

 itself would be subject to periodical inundation* but for largo and 

 solid embankments faced with hewn stone, which effectually keep 

 out the water. The river during the rains is a mile and a half broad, 

 and from 30 to 40 feet deep at this part, but during the dry season it is 

 a narrow stream with a depth of only 8 feet 



Tho Sanscrit word ' catak,' from which the name of the town is 

 derived, signifies a royal dwelling. While the province of Orissa 

 preserved its independence, Cuttack was the residence of the Gojapati, 

 or superior raja, at whose court the military chiefs of Orissa performed 

 feudal service. The town contains a very well-built street, with bouses 

 of stone two and three stories high, a huge market-place, and several 

 mosques ; in one of these is exhibited a stone brought from Mecca, 

 and bearing an impression of the foot of Mohammed. Cuttack is 

 said to be one of the healthiest and pleasantast towns in India, The 

 fortress of Barabuttee, which was built in the 14th century, stands 

 about a mile north-west from the town. 



nell, Memoir ; Parliamentary Papen.) 



CUXHAVEN, a harbour on the left bank of the Elbe, at its 

 entrance into the German Ocean. It is situated in 63 53' N. lat, 

 8' 44' K. long., 69 miles from Hamburg, to which city it belongs. 

 It affords a secure shelter against thi* dangerous sea in thu winter 

 months, or to ships waiting for fair winds. The town or village of 

 Cuxhaven contains about 1000 inhabitant*, chiefly pilots and fishermen ; 

 it has a lighthouse and bathing establishments. Vessels lie in tho 



