M7 



CYRUS. 



0-ZIRKNITZ. 



PtoUmau. The barbarians besieged Ptolemai, iu which Svneniu 

 had remained faithful to his flock, anil they were rcpuUed. lo the 

 erly part of the "th century the Persians under Khosroo Purveez, 

 after overrunning Egypt, invaded the Pentepolia and depopulated the 

 country. The Saracen* afterwardi completed the work of the 

 Persian*, and the towns of the Pentapolis have remained in ruiua 

 ever since. Now the nomad Arabs wander about the whole region, 

 which is nominally subject to the beys of Bengali and of Dems, who 

 are dependents of the pasha of Tripoli ApuUvnia, afterwards Soars*, 

 and now called Maria Sotoa, was the port of Cyrene, from which it 

 is about 12 miles distant The ancient road leading to it still remain* 

 Apollonia lies at the bottom of an open bay, protected however by 

 two small islands in front of the town. The town is ruined, but the 

 greater part of the wall is standing, and there are remains of two 



ian churches (the columns of which are of fine marble), of a 

 basilica, a fort, Ac. The Oasis of Aujilah, to the south of the desert 

 -f I Urea, was reckoned part of Cyrenaica. 



(Pacho, \~oyagt data la tfarmarique ft la Cyr/*aiq*e; Delia Cello, 

 Viagyio do Tripoli alle Fronliert di gil(o ; Beechey, Expedition to the 

 Konk Coatt of Africa.) 



i:US. [ABA*; KUR; BENUAUIII.] 

 i VTliKliA. [IONIAN ISLANDS.) 



/:iiTS (also called pyzicvm), an ancient town of Asia Minor, 

 built on an inland in the Propontis near the coast of Vysia, which 

 was joined to the mainland by two bridges. An isthmus gradually 

 formed itself, and the island became a peninsula. It is said to have 

 been a Hileaian colony, formed in the 8th century B.C. Strabo 

 (Cosaub., 675) speaks of Cyzicus as worthy of being numbered among 

 the first cities of Asia for its size, beauty, and splendour, and for the 

 goodness of its laws. It became early allied to Rome, and remained 

 faithful in its alliance. It withstood all the power of Mithridatcs who 

 besieged it, and the brave resistance of the citizens gave time to 

 L. Lucullus to come up with his army and drive him back into Pontun. 

 The Romans, grateful for the fidelity of Cyzicus, not only respected 

 its liberties, but gave it on increase of territory, which extended, 

 according to Strabo, to the east, as far as the lake Dascylitis, and to 



Coin of Cviicu*. 

 British UOMQB. Actual size. Bronte. Weight, 229 graiiu. 



the west, beyond the Jisepu* into Trons as for as Adnuteia. To the 

 south it reached Miletopolis. The town of Cyzicus was built partly 

 on the sea-coast and partly on a hill ; its site is now covered with 

 cherry orchards and vineyards ; there are some remains, and among 

 others a theatre, an amphitheatre, and some massive substructions. 

 On the some island, or peninsula, west of Cyzicus, was another Qreek 

 colony called Artsce, the site of which is now occupied by the 

 miserable town of Krdek. The island, or peninsula, was also called 

 . (Pococke; Sestini; Le*ke,Xna Minor; Hamilton. Beteardut.) 

 i / i .! 1". I), a large market-town in the county of Pestb in Hun- 

 gary, and circle of Kotskeme't, stands near the point 47 J 10' N. lat, 

 19 48' E. long. A station on the Vienna, Perth, and Szolnok railway, 

 is called after the town, and is 47 miles 8.E. from Pesth ; but Csegled 

 lies a little way south of the station so called. It has a Roman 

 Catholic and a Calvinist church, several handsome buildings, and 

 contain, about 13,000 inhabitants, or 16,600 including the commune. 

 The country around it is well cultivated, and produces much grain 

 and a great quantity of common red wine. The breweries are 

 eoMKlerablr. The town is about 20 miles N. from Ketakemtft, or 



CZERNAOORD. [MOWBSWHO.] 



CZERN100F (pronounced Ttckemigof), formerly part of the 

 Ukraine, now a government or province of Little Russia, lying between 

 W *>' and 68 SO- N. Ut, Vf 10' and 84" 40' K. long' is bounded 

 N. by Mohilev and Smolensk, K. by Orel and Kunk, 8. by Poltava, 

 and W. by Kiev and Minsk. The government contains an area ol 

 21,157 square mile., and had an estimated population in 1846 of 

 1,430,000. 



The general character of the surface is a level, occasionally inter- 

 rupted by hills, and rising into high land as it spproaches the elevated 

 banks of the Dnieper, its south-western boundary. With the exception 

 of some sandy tracts, the subsoil is clay, which is well covered 

 with rich loam, and presents a succession of luxuriant arable and 

 pasture lands. On the banks of the Dnieper the chalk, slate, and 

 clay alternate, but slate predominates. Most of the streams which 



water Csernigof empty themselves into the Dnieper. The Ipout 

 drains the north-western district, and enters the Soj, a feeder of the 

 Dnieper, in the government of Mohilev, at Nov-BieliUo. But the 

 principal river of th* interior of Czcmigof is the Desna, a navigable 

 stream, which entering the province in the north-east from Orel, 

 traverses it nearly in its whole length in a south-westerly direction, 

 and enters the Dnieper a few miles above the city of Kiev. The 

 waters of the Desna are increased by those of the Snof, Ostre, 8 

 and Sudost Ccernigof abounds in small streams, and in natural 

 sheet* of water, none however Urge enough to be called lakes. 



The climate is dry, mild, and salubrious ; but the crops sometimes 

 suffer from locusts. Agriculture and grazing constitute the principal 

 pursuit of the inhabitants ; corn of all kinds, particularly rye, barley, 

 md oats, ore grown, and the yearly produre in estimated at three 

 millions of quarters, of which upwards of two millions are consumed 

 in the country itself. Hemp in large quantities, flax, tobacco, peas 

 and beans, linseed, and hops are also raised. Melons and the com- 

 moner sorts of fruit are plentiful, but the grape does not ripen 

 sufficiently for wine. There is here a peculiarly fine species of the 

 cherry, called Tsherssun, from which brandy and sugar ore obtained. 

 The woods and forests yield an abundance of excellent timber, 

 charcoal, potash, and tar. Horses and cattle ore reared in great 

 numbers; the horse is of the email, active, and hardy breed of the 

 Ukraine and well adopted for the use of light cavalry, and some fine 

 studs are kept by the nobility. The ox is of a fine breed, and is here 

 used for the plough exclusively. Large herds of sheep and swine are 

 kept Bees are very numerous, and much honey and wax are gathered. 

 Of minerals Czernigof possesses iron, alum, saltpetre, porcelain earth, 

 potter's-clay, chalk, and slate. 



There are scarcely any serfs in this government The Greek is the 

 predominant form of faith, and ecclesiastical affairs are directed by 

 the archbishop of Czernigof and Neshin. 



The inhabitants generally make their own clothing and utensils. 

 Manufacturing industry increases slowly in tliu province ; the principal 

 products of this kind are linen, broadcloths, leather, gloss, and 

 beetroot sugar. The fondness of the people for ardent spirits has 

 occasioned the establishment of a great number of distilleries here 

 as in other ports of Russia. There is some internal trade, -which 

 mostly centres at Neshin, where four large fairs are held in the course 

 of the year. The exports, consisting principally of horses, cattle, 

 swine, tallow, wool, skina, bristles, grain and meal, honey and wax, 

 potash, hemp and hempseed, and brandy, are considerable. 



Czernigof is one of the privileged governments, the ancient prero- 

 gatives of the nobility having been confirmed to them in 1802, and 

 the Cossak inhabitants enjoying the privilege of distilling brandy 

 in nny spot they please, without its being deemed an infringement 

 on the crown monopoly. The province is placed under a civil 

 governor, who is a councillor of state, and resides at Czernigof the 

 capital. 



The government is divided into 12 circles. The capital, Cternigof, 

 is noticed in the next article. Among the other towns we notice the 

 following : Netkin, Nejin, or Nieihin, stands on the Oster, and has 

 15 churches and 16,000 inhabitants, who carry on a large trade in 

 soap, leather, preserves, and liqueurs. The town is surrounded by 

 walls, and has a cathedra), several convents, an hospital, and a college. 

 (iluchaf, on afeeder of theSeim near the eastern boundary, is surrounded 

 by an earthen wall, and has 12 churches and about 9000 inhabitants. 

 Norgorod-Serertk, on the Desna, has 8000 inhabitants, and an active 

 trade in corn, hemp, and lime. Starotiub, on the Babinza, has about 

 4500 inhabitants, ilylin, on the Sudenkn, a feeder of the Ipout, has 

 4 churches and about 5000 inhabitant*. Baturin is noticed in a 

 separate article. [BATURIN.] Otter, at the junction of the Oster and 

 the Desna, 40 miles S. from Czernigof, has a population of 4000. 



( y.r'.llXHlOF, the capital of the government of Czernigof in Russia, 

 is situated on the elevated banks of the Desna, in 61 37 N. lot, 

 81 16' E. long., about 80 miles N.N.K. from Kiev, and has about 

 10,000 inhabitants, many of whom are Jews. It is surrounded by a 

 rampart of earth, which is converted into walks. It was built in 

 the year 1024, and is accounted the oldest town in European Russia. 

 In Ha centre stand* a high hill with a castle on its summit ; it has 

 several churcheK, among which is the cathedral, a well-built edifice, 

 in which the remains of St Theodosius ore deposited. There are 

 also four monasteries, a gymnasium, an ecclesiastical seminary, with 

 o printing establishment attached to it, an Imperial Orphan asylum, 

 a riding-school, a mechanics school for 400 pupils, and several 

 establishments for the indigent. The inhabitants are chiefly employed 

 in retail trade snd mechanical pursuits, and manufacture small <[iian- 

 tities of woollens, linens, leather, and soap. Four markets arc held 

 here in the course of the year. Cxernigof is the residence of the 

 archbishop of the diocese and of the governor of the province. 



UNUWII '/,. [HtIKOWIKA.1 



CZIKKN1TX. (Zirknili), a market-town in the Austrian crownlond 

 of Corintbio, lies on the Brohitzo, and contains about 1600 inhabitants, 

 who are occupied in fishery and in salt and tile-making. Near it is 

 the Lake of Czirknitz, inclosed within limestone mountains of very 

 grotesque outline*. The lake in dry seasons is from 12 to 16 miles 

 in circumference, and when quite full about 24 miles; its entire area 

 is then about 63 square miles. Its form however is mode very 



