677 



DALMATIA. 



DAMAN. 



doge of Venice, which is a rather fine example of the Lombardic 

 style, and that of St. Simeon, the patron saint of the city, whose 

 remains are deposited in it. Zara is strongly fortified ; the harbour is 

 of considerable size, but shallow ; vessels of 300 tons hare to lie in the 

 open sound. The principal trade is the import of manufactures from 

 Trieste, and the export of maraschino, anchovies, almonds, and the 

 other products of the district. Zarn is the seat of the government 

 of the province, of a court of appeal, and various subordinate offices ; 

 and the residence of a Roman Catholic archbishop. Among the 

 public institutions and establishments are a lyceum, a gymnasium, 

 an archiepiscopal seminary, a normal high school, a public school 

 for females, a school of midwifery, a lying-in and a foundling 

 hospital, a civil and military hospital, a naval and military arsenal, 

 a theatre, a casino, &c. There are several distilleries of rosoglio, 

 which is highly esteemed. Most of the inhabitants however derive 

 their subsistence from the fishery among the neighbouring rocky 

 islets (scoglie), on several of which a little flax is grown. 



Cattaro, the capital of the circle of the same name, stands at 

 the foot of a steep mountain, at the south-eastern extremity of 

 the Gulf of Cattaro, 42 a 25' N. lat., 18 46' E. long. : population 

 about 3000. The town is defended by walls and a fort. The streets 

 arc narrow and gloomy. The principal buildings are the religious 

 edifieec, consisting of a cathedral, a collegiate church, seventeen 

 other churches, and six convents, all belonging to the Homan 

 Catholics; there are also two Greek churches, an hospital, a gymnasium, 

 the residences of the governor and the bishop, and some government 

 buildings. The bazaar, or market, is outside the eastern gate ; it is 

 supplied with provisions by the Montenegrins. The harbour is one of 

 the best in the Adriatic, but Is little frequented by shipping. 



Chreofa stands on the north-east coast of the island of the same name, 

 population about 2000 : the whole island contains 4268 inhabitants, 

 chiefly employed in fishing and maritime occupations, or in the culti- 

 vation of the vineyards and the making of wine. The town is the seat of 

 a bishopric. It is surrounded by a wall, and contains a cathedral and 

 two monasteries. There is a good harbour. Macanca, 84 miles S.E. 

 from Spalato, population about 1700, is a small town with some coasting 

 and fishing trade ; it was once the capital of a republic. Perasto, on 

 the bay of the same name, 6 miles N.N.W. from Dalmatia, is a small 

 sea-port town of about 1800 inhabitants. Sebenico, population with 

 the suburbs about 5000, is situated on a bay of the same name, which 

 is formed by the river Kerka, before it falls into the sea. The bay, 

 which forms a large and excellent harbour, is connected with the sea 

 by the channel of St. Antonio, a narrow strait between lofty rooks. 

 The town is built on the declivity of a mountain, rising amphitheatri- 

 cally from the sea, and has a striking appearance ; but the streets are 

 uneven and irregular, and the ascent to some of the higher parts of 

 the town is by steps. The walls of the town are old and decayed, but 

 there are two forts which lie above and command it, and the harbour 

 is defended by the new and strong fort St. Nioolo, built on a rock at 

 the mouth of the canal. Sebenico is the see of both a Roman Catholic 

 and a Greek bishop. The large cathedral, of Lombardic architecture, 

 is accounted the handsomest in the whole country. There are two 

 Roman Catholic churches and one Greek church, three monasteries, 

 and two nunneries. The adjacent country produces abundance of 

 wine and oil. The inhabitants have distilleries of maraschino, and are 

 reckoned excellent sailors. The coral fishery in the neighbouring seas 

 is now abandoned. Trau is the chief town of a district of the same 

 name, in the circle of Spalato : population about 3000. Trau is built 

 on a small island, which is connected with the continent by a wooden 

 bridge 60 paces in length. On the other side there is a channel 850 

 feet broad between it and the island of Bua, with which it is con- 

 nected by a mole, with a drawbridge to allow ships to pass, the 

 numerous coasting vessels preferring this channel to the open sea. 

 Trau is an old ill-built town, with narrow crooked streets. It is the 

 seat of a bishopric, has a handsome cathedral, several other churches, 

 three convents, and an hospital. The ancient citadel and fortifications 

 are now in ruins. There is a small pretty good harbour, which is now 

 not much frequented. The inhabitants have & rather considerable 

 trade in the produce of the country, wine, olives, figs, almonds, and 

 other fruits ; thce fruits are produced on the Island of Bua, which is 

 five leagues in length, in great abundance. 



Gmti-Mnent, Education, <ftc. The general administration of affairs 

 in Dalmatia is vested In the Gubernium, or government-board, esta- 

 blished t Zara, which receives its instructions from the Chancery 

 and minister of the Homo Department in Vienna. Kach circle is 

 divided into districts ; each district into ' Haupt-gemeinden,' or head 

 communities ; and each of the latter consists of ' Unter-gemeinden,' 

 or subordinate communities. At the head of each circle, in civil 

 matters, is a ' Pretoria ;' of each head community, a ' Podesta,' or 

 ' 



j^ and of each subordinate community, a 'Capo-villa,' or 

 ' Caroaczo.' In each < ircle is a court for the trial of civil and criminal 

 CMC*, appeal from these courts being allowed to the supreme court 

 at Zarn. 



The revenue* of Dalmatia arise from the imperial domains, the 

 regalia, which im-lud.- the monopoly of salt and tobacco; the direct 

 .ml indirect taxes. 



The majority of the inhabitants are descendants of the Selavxraian 

 hordes, who invaded these parts in the 7th century and drove out 



the old inhabitants. The language of the country is the Herzogovine 

 dialect of the Sclavonian, but Italian is the prevalent tongue 

 among the well-educated classes, and is used in the public offices and 

 courts. The remainder of the population is composed of Italians, 

 who are spread throughout the maritime towns and sea-coast; 

 Bosnian Greeks and Servian Morlaks, both of whom took refuge here 

 from persecution in the 14th century; and a few Germans, Jews, 

 Greeks, and gipsies. The Morlaks or ' Moroflachi," that is, Servians, 

 who dwell next the sea ('Moro'), inhabit the mountain-districts of 

 Zara and Rogusa and some of the islands : the wild Montenegrin 

 is of this race. The population of Dalmatia increases but slowly : in 

 1808 it was 305,671, in 1825 it was 823,112, and as already stated in 

 1850 it was 893,715. In general the Dalmatian is of good stature, 

 muscular, robust, hardy in his habits, and frugal in his diet ; he lives 

 much in the open air and under tents. The poorest man drinks his 

 wine, and eats his salad, fig, and melon ; he is hospitable aad talkative, 

 but cunning, and addicted to lying and theft. 



The Roman Catholic (which is the established) religion is professed 

 according to the last census by 331,692 of the inhabitants. The 

 ecclesiastical establishment consists of the archbishop of Zara and the 

 5 bishops of Spalato, Ragusa, Sebenico, Lesina, and Cattaro. The 

 inhabitants who profess the Greek faith, 78,858 in number, are in 

 church-matters subordinate to a bishop resident at Sebenico and the 

 vicar-general at Cattaro. The number of Protestants of all sects 

 returned in the census was only 28 ; of Jews 410. 



The Austrians found the country in a wretched state of ignorance, 

 for the Venetians had done nothing whatever for its intellectual 

 improvement. The Austrian government has extended to 'Dalmatia 

 the system which prevails through a large part of the empire. 

 [AUSTRIA.] A normal seminary and school for girls have been opened 

 at Zara ; national schools of a superior class have beeu established at 

 Spnlato, Macarsca, Ragusa, Cattaro, Sebenico, and Lesiua, indepen- 

 dently of the schools attached to the convents. And for the more 

 affluent classes, gymnasia have been instituted in Zara, Spalato, and 

 Ragusa, and a lyceum or species of university at Zara, in which town 

 there are likewise an ecclesiastical seminary, an obstetrical school, 

 and a college for educating 37 pupils at the public expense. In 1847 

 there were in Dalmatia 5 theological academics , 3 schools of philo- 

 sophy, 26 gymnasia, and 1 special school ; in all 35 upper schools. 

 The popular-schools, 252 in number, consisted of 7 head, 182 lower, 

 85 girls, 1 infant, and 27 adult schools. Of the 224 common schools 

 for children 62 were ' akatholische,' or not under the superintendence 

 of the Roman Catholic clergy : 67 of the schools were Italian only, 

 58 were Servian (Serbisch), and 119 were mixed. The principal 

 benevolent institutions are the hospitals and foundling asylums at 

 Zara, Sebenico, Spalato, Lesina, and Cattaro, and the infirmary at 

 Ragusa. 



Dalmatia derives its name from the Dalmatine, a small district 

 between Sebenico and Scordona. Its territory in former days was 

 much more extensive than at present. The Dalmatians long resisted 

 the Romans, but Augustus brought them under the Roman dominion. 

 (Strabo, p. 315.) After the fall of the western empire, the country 

 became a prey to the Goths and Avari successively ; and the Avari 

 maintained possession of it until the beginning of the 7th centnry, 

 when they were driven out by swarms of Sclavonians. This people 

 erected it into an independent sovereignty, which eudured uutil 

 overthrown in the early part of the llth century by Ladislaus, king 

 of Hungary, who annexed the whole of it, the maritime towns only 

 excepted, to the dominions of the Magyars. These towns, among 

 which was Zara, the most important of them, had long beeii under 

 the roecial protection of Venice, which availed itself of the connexion 

 to ext-nd its sway over other parts of the country, and bring the 

 greater part of Dalmatia under subjection. That portion which lay 

 on the right bank of the Zermanya, and which Hungary retained, lost 

 the name of Dalmatia altogether ; and the same occurred with regard 

 to the portion which forms part of Bosnia, and fell into the hands of 

 the Turks, by whom it was erected into the sandshak of Hersek. The 

 Austrians acquired the Venetian part of Dalmatia in 1798 under the 

 treaty of Campo Formio. Dalmatia was seized by Napoleon in 1805, 

 and in 1808 the republic of Ragusa was by him suppressed, and the 

 territory added to Dalmatia. On the fall of Napoleon in 1814 the 

 Austrians held possession of Dalmatia, including Ragusa, which they 

 have since retained. 



(Blumenbach ; Von Lichtenstern ; Hasscl ; Stem ; Roprer ; Die 

 Seterreichische National JSnvycinpadie ; Uebersichts-Tafeln zur StatMk 

 dfr itoterrtickitchen Monarchic, Wien, 1860 ; Paton, Highlands and 

 Islands of the Adriatic; Sir John G. Wilkinson, .Dalmatia; Gotha 

 Almanac, 1854.) 



DALMELLINGTON. [AYRSHIRE.] 



DALMENY. [LiNLrrnoowsniRE.] 



DALRY. [AYRSHIRE.] 



DALRYMPLE. [AYRSHIRE.] 



DALSTON. [CUMBERLAND.] 



DALTON-IN-FURNESS. [LAKCASIHUI:.] 



DAMAN (pronounced Damaun, 'the border'), a district formerly 

 of Afghanistan, now of the British territories in India, extends along 

 the right bank of the Indus between 81 and 33 N. lat., and includes 

 the tract of country comprehended between the Salt range, the 



