PKDDIXOTOX. 



DELAWARE. 



What U known as Britiih Deocan comprises tho electorate! of Poona, 

 Ahmednupgur, Darwar, and Caiidcuh ; the remainder i under tin- 

 way of Hindoo or Mohammedan princes. The land* in this part of 

 India are held under various deicriptioni of tenure. In most Tillage* 

 of the Deoean are to be found eome Ramosis, who are thieve* by birth, 

 and who hare land* given to them free from government tax, that 

 they may hold themselves responsible for the safety of property in the 

 district where they reside. The condition of the cultivators and of 

 the inhabitant* generally ha* been much improved since the Deocan 

 came into the possession of the Kugluh government 



(Rennell, Memoir; Kill, Ilulvry of Brituk /</m.) 



I'KDDIXQTOX. [OxroRnsHiBK] 



DEDHAM. (ESSEX.] 



DEE, the River, ruws in Merionethshire, of which it drains the 

 eastern districts and also the couth-eastern part of Denbighshire. It 

 afterward* leparates Denbighshire from the detached portion of 

 KliiiUhirc and from Cheshire, but tho lower part of its course is 

 entirely within Cheshire, The Lake of Bola, or Llyn Tegid, which 

 may be considered a* the source of this river, receive* several moun- 

 tain streams, one of which U called Dee. [BALA.] The waters of this 

 mountain lake are discharged at its north-eastern corner by a stream 

 of considerable sixe and depth, which U soon increased by other 

 considerable mountain streams, as the Treveryn and Alwen. The 

 Dee so far flows in a fine open valley ; at Corwen the river begins to 

 descend from the mountain table-land of North Wales, and in 10 

 mile* from Corwen to Trevor it probably falls above 300 feet ; its 

 course in this part is consequently extremely rapid, though without 

 cataracts. In this part of its course the Dee flows through the 

 beautiful Tale of Llangollen. Near Trevor the valley is spanned by 

 the Cysylltau aqueduct, which carries the Ellesmere Canal across the 

 valley at a height of 120 feet above the Dee. The aqueduct is 1007 

 feet long, and is supported on 13 stone piers. It is a very striking 

 structure, but is surpassed both in magnitude and beauty by the 

 viaduct which at a short distance from it carries the Shrewsbury and 

 Chester railway across the Dee at a height of 150 feet above its 

 surface. This viaduct consists of 19 arches of 90 feet span, and is 

 1530 f.-.t in length; it is built almost entirely of stone. Below 

 Trevor the Dee enters the plain, in which it runs with numerous 

 windings upwards of 35 miles to the tideway at Chester. Here it ia 

 joined by the Alyn from the west, and changes its western course 

 into a northern. At Chester the Dee is about 100 yards wide, and 

 runs farther down in an artificial channel along the marshes for about 

 9 miles. The river now enlarges into a spacious cestuary 3 miles 

 across, which at high water forms a noble arm of the sea : but at 

 ebb-tide it is dry, and resembles an extensive dreary waste covered 

 with sand and ooze, through which the river runs in a narrow and 

 insignificant stream. It enters the sea near the island of Helbree, 

 where the aostuary is about 6 miles wide. In its natural state the Dee 

 is wholly unnavigable ; but by means of a weir at Chester a sufficient 

 depth of water is maintained to allow small boats to pass two or 

 three miles above Cheater. The whole course of this river from Bala 

 Fool to the beginning of the nstuary is upwards of 80 miles. 



DEE, RIVER. [ABERDEEXgniRE.] 



DEEG. [BiiCRTrooR.] 



DEEPING MARKET. [LINCOLNSHIRE.] 



I>KI.A\VAItK, next to Rhode Island the smallest state of the 

 United States of North America, extends from 38 28' to 39 47' 

 N. lat., and from 74 56' to 75 46' W. long. It is bounded N. by 

 Pennsylvania, E. by Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and S. and 

 W. by Maryland. It comprehends the north-eastern portion of the 

 peninsula which lies to the east of Chesapeake Bay, and more than 

 one-third of its surface. Its length from north to south is about 

 M miles; its breadth varies from 10 to 36 miles. Its area is 2120 

 qnare miles, or somewhat more than that of the county of Norfolk. 

 The total population in 1850 was 91,532. The following table shows 

 the increase of the population and the proportion of slave* in this 

 state since 1820 : The total population in 



Hlo WM 71,749, Including 1J.9J8 free coloured persons and 4509 ilsvei. 



1MO 7,74. U.gjj J292 



1110 78,0i, 16,919 260! , 



18JO ., 9I.J3J, 18,078 J290 



The federal representative population in 1850 was 90,616, in which 

 number three-fifth* of the (lave* are included. This entitles the 

 state to send one representative to Congress. To the Senate, like 

 each of the other United States, Delaware send* two members. 



Cwuilitu, Swrfact.- The coast U low and sandy, and has no 

 natural harbour except at the northern extremity along the banks of 

 the river Delaware. Rehoboth Bay, formed by a long and narrow 

 strip of (and, U too shallow to admit Touwls drawing more than six 

 feet of water. In order to form a serviceable harbour a breakwater 

 ha* been constructed by the general government opposite the village 

 of Lewistown, and above Cape HenTopcn, at a cost of nearly three 

 millions of dollars. It is two-thirds of a mile in length, 75 feet wide 

 at bottom, and 22 feet wide at top. A dyke more than half the 

 length of tho breakwater, and parallel to it, protects it against the 

 Ice brought down by the river. 



The watershed run* nearly through the midst of the peninsula, 

 loos; the western boundary-line of Delaware, but rather within it. 



In its northern portion Delaware is undulating, and near Christiana 

 Creek are some hills perhaps 400 to 500 feet high ; but south of the 

 creek it nowhere rises to 100 feet above high-water mark ; and it gra- 

 dually become* more flat towards the Atlantic Ocean. Farther south 

 it is an extensive fiat abounding with swamps, from which the small 

 riven ooze rather than flow to the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic 

 Ocean. Some districts of the country towards the sea are marshy 

 and subject to inundations. At the southern extremity is the Cypress 

 Swamp, G miles from east to west and 12 miles from north to south, 

 covered with trees and plants, and harbouring numerous wild animals 

 and reptiles. Cypress Swamp ha* an area of about 50,000 acres : a 

 part of it belongs to Maryland. 



Hydrography, Communication*. Except the DELAWARE, which 

 forms its eastern boundary, and is noticed in a separate article, all 

 the rivers of the state are small. The most important is tho Jirandy- 

 u-ine, which enters the northern end of the state from Pennsylvania, 

 and flows in a generally southern course past Wilmington, a mile 

 below which it unites with Christiana Creek, which also rises in 

 Pennsylvania, and the united stream forms Wilmington Harbour, 

 which is navigable for large ship?, and falls into the Delaware two 

 miles below the town. The other rivers mostly rise within the state, 

 and after a short course fall into the Delaware ; they are generally 

 wide in proportion to their length, and navigable by vessels of light 

 draught several miles from their mouth, and hence perhaps they are 

 commonly called creeks. Tho principal are Duck, Jones, Mispillon 

 or Mospihon, Mother or Murder, and Brood-Kill creeks, and the 

 Indian and Appoquinm'miuk rivers. 



The Cnegapeake and Delaware Canal, which connects the bays so 

 named, is an important work. It commences at Delaware city, on the 

 Delaware, and is carried in a generally western direction for llij miles 

 to Back Creek, a navigable branch of the Elk liiver in Maryland. It 

 is 66 feet wide and 1 feet deep, and is navigable by steamers and 

 Teasels of considerable burden. It was completed iu lb'29 at a cost 

 of 2,250,000 dollars. 



The state is tolerably well furnished with the ordinary turnpike 

 and bye roods. The most important line of railway yet completed is 

 the Newcastle and Frenchtown railway, which ruua from Newcastle 

 on the Delaware to Frenchtown (Maryland) on the Elk River, 10J 

 milr*, thus connecting the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay-*, and in 

 conjunction with the steamboats stationed at each end forming a 

 convenient line of communication between Philadelphia and Balti- 

 more. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore railway crosses 

 the state farther north, and ia the usual land line of communication 

 between those cities. Other lines are projected, but these are the 

 only ones yet constructed within this state. 



Irealogical Character. In the northern part of Delaware the rocks 

 belong to the primary formations ; but the middle and southern parts, 

 forming by far the larger portion, belong to the Atlantic plain, and 

 are almost wholly of tho tertiary series. Much of this part ia 

 swampy. Towards the west the country becomes sandy, and sand- 

 stone rocks occur in the low hills which form the watershed of the 

 peninsula. Bog iron-ore is found iu the swamps, and U worked to 

 some extent. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, of excellent quality is obtained 

 in the north, and is sent to supply the porcelain works at Philadelphia. 

 Shell-marl occurs in considerable quantities, and is much used for 

 agricultural purposes. 



Climate, Soil, and Production*. The soil is in many places excellent, 

 but generally it is thin and sandy. In the northern parts of the state 

 along the Delaware, and for eight or ten miles inland, it is a rich and 

 very productive clay, which becomes more and more sandy towards 

 the south. The central part is a light poor sand ; the southern part 

 is still less productive. Almost everywhere it is however carefully 

 cultivated. In the southern port of the state there is some good 

 grazing laud. The climate is in general healthy and mild, but much 

 severer iu the northern than in the southern district, though the two 

 are hardly more than a degree apart. In the neighbourhood of the 

 swamps endemic sickness prevails to a considerable extent. 



The natural productions are similar to those of the middle Atlantic 

 states. The forests are not extensive, but large timber grows in the 

 north, and considerable quantities in the Cypress Swamp iu the 

 extreme south, and woods of various kinds occur throughout the state. 



Agriculture is the principal occupation of tho inhabitants. Grain 

 and flour are the chief articles of export In 1850 the number of 

 farms under cultivation in the state was 6063 ; the extent of improved 

 lands was 680,862 acres, of unimproved lands 376,282 acres, which 

 together were valued at 18,880,031 dollars. The total produce of the 

 principal crops in 1850 was as follows : Wheat, 482,251 bushels; 

 maize, 3,145,533 bushels; rye, 8066 bushels; oats, 604,518 bn. 

 barley, 56 bushels; buckwheat, 8016 bushels; potatoes, 240,542 

 bushels; sweet potatoes, 65,443 bushels; peas and beans, 4120 

 bushels; hay, 30,169 tons; water-rotted hemp, 670 tons; flax, 

 ll.OSOlbs. ; clover and other grass seeds, hops, Ac., are also raised to 

 some extent. Fruits and vegetables are produced in abundance : the 

 value of orchard product* in 1850 was 46,674 dollars; of market- 

 garden products, 12,714 dollars. Some wine is made. 



The number of horses in the state in 1850 was 13,852; asses and 

 mules, 791 ; milch cows, 19,248; working oxen, 9797; other cattle, 

 24,166; sheep, 27,603; swine, 50,201. The products of animals 



