DENMARK. 



DENMARK. 



710 



cotton goods are manufactured : there are several establishments for 

 washing wool, bleaching linen, casting sheet-lead, and making salt- 

 petre, soda, and other chemical products. There are also several 

 flour-mills for the supply of Paris. Other articles of trade are corn, 

 wine, vinegar, wood, wool, and cattle. There are several fairs held 

 in the year. At one of these, called the fair of Landit, which com- 

 mences on the llth of June and lasts a fortnight, vast numbers oi 

 sheep and a great quantity of manufactured goods are sold. 



(Dulaure, Hlstoire deg Environs de Paris ; Dictionnaire de laFrance; 

 Murray, Handbook of France.) 



I>K\.MARK, or DANMARK (the land or Mark of the Dane), also 

 termed the Danske Stat (the States of Denmark), is a kingdom lying, 

 independently of its colonial possessions, between 53 and 58 N. lat., 

 and 7 and 13 E. long. It is bounded N. by the Skager Rack, a gull 

 of the North Sea ; N.E. by the Cattegat, another gulf of the North 

 Sea, which, with the Sound, separates Denmark from Sweden ; S.E. 

 by the Ost-See, or Baltic ; S. by parts of the free states Liibeck 

 and Hamburg, the grand-duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and the 

 kingdom of Hanover ; and W. by the North Sea. 



A rea and Subdivisions. The entire area of the kingdom of Denmark 

 is about 21,900 square miles : the population in 1850 was 2,296,597. 

 The following table shows the principal divisions of the kingdom, 

 with the extent and population of each : we add also a list of the 

 colonies which belong to Denmark : 



The subsequent details refer only to the European dominions of 

 the Danish crown, namely, the insular portion, Jutland, Schleswig, 

 Holstein, and Lauenburg. 



Surface, Hydrography, <kc. Continental Denmark, which may be 

 designated the north-western peninsula of Germany, in its greatest 

 length from north to south is about 305 miles ; in breadth it varies 

 from about 33 to 106 miles, the average being about 70 miles. Its 

 length of coast on the North Sea and Skager Rack is about 460 

 miles, and along the Cattegat, Little Belt, and Baltic, about 650 miles; 

 the whole extent of coast is accordingly not less than 1110 miles. 

 Many parts of this long coast-line are almost useless, in consequence 

 either of the want of deep water, or of the numberless banks, bars, 

 and islands which line it. The shores too of the islands that lie next 

 the Baltic are so flat and irregular as to be unapproachable in most 

 quarters by vessels which draw much water. 



The surface of Denmark presents an almost uniform plain, elevated 

 only a few feet above the level of the sea, but occasionally relieved by 

 some small groups of hills, whose wooded summits break the 

 monotony of the landscape, and in combination with numerous 

 inlets of the sea and small lakes, give the country a very pleasing 

 appearance. 



Denmark possesses no mountains, but a range of hills traverses the 

 whole peninsula from south to north, keeping in general near to the 

 eastern coasts, and terminating with Cape Skagen (Skagens-Odde), 

 the extreme point of Jutland. The loftiest summits of the range 

 are the Himmelsberg, in the bailiwick of Skanderburg, in Jutland, 

 which is above 1200 feet high ; the Dagbierg-Daas, 700 feet, in the 

 Mttwick of Viborg, and the Askehoy, 690 feet. There is also a 

 range of hills, called the Funen Alps, in the island of Fiinen, which 

 runs f. rth-easternmost point to the south-easternmost at 



Svenborg, bending always towards the south-western coast ? its highest 

 summit rloes not much exceed 400 feet. [FiJNEN.] The chief mass 

 of the Siicland hills inclines towards the eastern coast, and extends 

 from the northern mouth of the Sound to the southernmost extremity 

 <if th" island ; the most elevated point is the Mangelberg, near 

 HirscMiolm, to the north-west of Copenhagen, which is 560 feet in 

 Mt 



The western coasts of Schleswig and Holstein are quite flat, and 

 nre protected from the North Sea, or West Sea as it is termed by the 



Danes, in contradistinction to the Ost-See (East Sea, or Baltic), by 

 sand-hills and dykes in Schleswig. The eastern coasts of Schleswig, 

 as well as the island coasts, arc abrupt and precipitous, formed of 

 chalk or limestone, and called Kliuteby the natives : the Moens-Kliut, 

 on the eastern side of the island of Moens, which stretches above 

 10 miles out into the sea, is remarkable for its fossils and numerous 

 waterfalla The north-eastern shores of Siooland, or Zealand (Sjalland 

 in Danish), are separated from Sweden by the Sound or Ear-Sound, 

 (Ore-Sund, so denominated from the resemblance of its form to the 

 human ear), the well-known entrance into the Baltic, which is about 

 70 miles in length from the Swedish point of Kulleu-Cattegat to 

 Falsterboe, and a mile and a half (7986 feet) in breadth between 

 Helsingor (Elsinore) and Helsingborg, where it is narrowest ; in mid- 

 channel it varies from 10 to 19 fathoms in depth. Between the 

 western side of Siseland and the north-eastern side of the Island of 

 Funen lies a second entrance into the Baltic, called the Great Belt, 

 which is about 9 miles wide at its narrowest point between Nyeborg 

 and Korsoer, and varies 5 to 25 fathoms in depth, but on account of 

 sandbanks and rocks, is difficult of navigation for large ships. 

 Between the western coast of Fiinen and eastern coast of Schleswig 

 and the island of Alsen, or Als, is a third entrance, called the Little 

 Belt, which is not more than three-quarters of a mile, or 4100 feet 

 wide, next Middelfahrt, where it is most confined ; it is about 46 miles 

 in length, is hazardous to navigate, and just above Middelfahrt is 

 commanded by the fortress of Fredericia. 



The coast of Denmark is indented in several parts with bays and 

 inlets, here called Fiords, or Vugen, the latter name being applied to 

 the smaller bays. The largest of these fiords are the Ise-Fiord, on 

 the northern side of the island of Siajland, which is connected with 

 the Roeskilder-Fiord on the east, and Liirn-Fiord on the west ; it is 

 about 74 miles in its greatest length, and contains several islands. 

 The Liim-Fiord, which intersects Jutland, occupies nearly 252 square 

 miles ; the narrow isthmus which formerly existed between the Liim- 

 Fiord and the North Sea, was during a violent storm in 1825, broken 

 through in two places. Liim now consequently insulates the northern 

 part of Jutland, the openings however are too shallow to admit 

 vessels of much burden. Kmgkibpings and Nissum fiords are to the 

 south of the last-mentioned bay ; Manager and Randers fiords are 

 on the eastern coast of Jutland ; and the Apenrade, Flensburg, and 

 Ecken fiords, on the eastern coast of Schleswig. The Kieler-Fiord 

 some distance south of the Ecken-Fiord, in the duchy of Holstein, 

 forms the noble harbour of Kiel, which admits vessels of war of the 

 largest size to anchor within it, and which has during the present 

 month (April 1854) been the rendezvous of the British fleet in the 

 Baltic. A canal, as will be noticed presently, connects the Kieler-Fiord 

 with the German Ocean. 



Denmark abounds in small lakes, the most considerable of which 

 are the Mossee (about 5 miles long and a mile and a quarter broad), 

 the Viborg, Skanderborg, Garboel, and Langesee, in Schleswig ; the 

 Arresee, Esrumsee (celebrated for its fish, and united by a canal with 

 the Great Belt), the Tussee, and Loroesee, in Siseland ; the Arreskoesee 

 in Fiiuen ; the Marienboersee in Laaland ; the Ploener and Selentersee 

 in Holstein ; and the Ratzeburgersee in Lauenburg. 



As no inland point in Denmark is more than 35 or 40 miles from 

 the sea, the country has no large rivers. The Elbe forms the southern 

 boundary of Lauenburg, from the town of Lauenburg to the Mas- 

 Queller, where it discharges itself into the North Sea. The Danish 

 streams which flow into it are the Delvenau, Bille, Alster, and Stoer. 

 The largest of the navigable rivers of Denmark is the Eyder, which 

 was considered the north-western boundary of the empire of the 

 Franks in the days of Charlemagne, and of the German empire in 

 after-times ; it flows out of an inland sheet of water near Bordeshiolm 

 in Holstein, passes westward through Rendsburg, and skirts Fried- 

 richstadt, dividing Holstein from Schleswig, is navigable along nearly 

 the whole of its course of about 105 miles, and enters the North Sea 

 at Toaningen, at the south-western extremity of Schleswig, where it 

 is 800 feet in width. The Trave, a Holsteiu river also, rises near 

 Giselrade, flows southward through the Lauenburg and Liibock 

 territories, is navigable throughout the greater portion of its course 

 of about 65 miles, receives the Steckenitz, and winding north of 

 Liibeck, falls into the Baltic at Travemiinde. The other streams 

 which water Denmark and the adjacent islands, and to which the 

 Danes give the name of Aae, scarcely deserve the name of rivers ; the 

 largest of them are the Gudenaae, in Jutland, which rises in the 

 Tyrrild Heide, in Jutland, flows through several lakes, and enters 

 the Cattegat near Randera ; the Nipsaae, in Schleswig, which enters 

 the North Sea at Ribe ; the Schol, Wid, and Bredeaae, in the same 

 duchy; and the Susaae, in Siseland, which flows into the sea at 

 Nestwed. 



Denmark contains four large canals. The Schleswig and Holstein, 

 )r Kioler Canal, which connects the North Sea with the Baltic, was 

 'onned by rendering the Eyder navigable from Rendsburg to Klu- 

 rensik, whence the canal takes an easterly direction through the 

 lorthern extremity of Lake Flembude, then crosses the range of 

 lills which traverse the peninsula of Jutland and Schleawig from north 

 to south, and terminates in the Kieler-Fiord. Its greatest elevation 

 above the level of the Baltic is 27 feet ; its length from Rendsburg 

 to its termination is about 27 miles ; it has seven bridges and as many 



