rn 



DBHMA1 ' 



i n: x MARK. 





duieea; U 100 feet broad at the surface and 24 feet at the bottom ; 

 it b 10 feet deep, and capable of receiving vcatel* of 150 tons burden. 

 The Steckeniti Canal in Lauenburg, which uniUw the Elbe with the 

 Baltic by connecting the Delvenan with the Mollnenee, Stockenitz, 

 and Trare, was constructed in 1390, and establishes a communication 

 between Lauenburg on the Elbe and Lilbeck on the Trave. The 

 Daneakiold Canal, on the Uland of Sia-Und, which wa constructed 

 by Count Daneakiold Samsoe, between the yean 1810 and 1812, gives 

 access from the south-eastern water* of the Great Belt to that quarter 

 >>f the Uland which ii rii-hent in grain and timber ; it begin* at Noes- 

 dybroe, near Ringstcdt, and 'u carried for about 23 milea to Nestwed, 

 near the Baltic shore. The Odense Canal connect! Odense, the capital 

 uf Kunen, with the sea. 



The royal roads, or roads which the roaiN travel, traverse nil the 

 more important route* in the kingdom ; they are under the manage- 

 rnent of the royal engineers, and are wide and well kept 



Only three railways hare aa yet been constructed in Denmark. 

 One runs from Kiel in a generally south-western direction to Altona 

 (opposite Hamburg), 65 miles, with short branches to Rendsburg and 

 to Uluckstadt The others run from Copenhagen, one westward to 

 Roeakilde, 17J miles, and the other northward to Klsiuore. 



Climate, Soil, Production* The proximity of the sea renders the 

 climate of Denmark temperate, considering its latitude. The cold is 

 greatest in Jutland, and least in the adjoining inlands. The weather 

 i.in general very variable; rains and fogs are of constant occurrence: 

 storms are frequent ; the winter cold is not severe, but the summer 

 heats are at times overpowering. The humidity of the atmosphere 

 U a great advantage to a country whose soil is of so sandy a nature. 

 The thermometer seldom ranges above 20 Reanmur(77 Fahrenheit). 

 The barometer varies from 28J" to 28 6'. The upper soil consists 

 of a dense layer of clay or sand in most parti, mixed with gravel in 

 some places ; the subsoil is a dark-blue clay (blaalaer), entirely des- 

 titute of earthy matter, but partially intersected by a fine yellow 

 sand. In some of the islands this clay is of a reddish tint. Remains 

 of vegetable substances, but none of any large land-animals, aro found 

 in these clays. In Jutland, the moat sterile region in Denmark, the 

 soil lira) immediately upon a bed of bog-turf covered by sand from 

 1 to 3 feet in depth. Sands and heaths are the characteristic features 

 in continental Denmark ; and drift-sand renders a considerable portion 

 of the western coasts almost uninhabitable. Together with extensive 

 tracts of moors and swamps, the inland parts of Jutland and the 

 islands are characterised by a rich marshy loam, of which bituminous 

 marl is the chief constituent. The surface of the islands present* 

 partial tracts of moor, heath, and woodland ; but in general the soil 

 is fertile, and well suited to cultivation. The component parts of the 

 21,900 square miles of surface of which Denmark consists, may be 

 thus subdivided: about 10,000 square miles of eand capable of arable 

 cultivation, 2850 of heath, 2700 of black rich earth, 2000 of loam 

 and marl, 1000 of meadows and swamps, 910 of marches, 940 of 

 woods and forests, 750 of grazing grounds, 300 of drift-sand, and 

 the remainder of lakes and streams. 



Denmark is pre-eminently an agricultural state. The most fertile 

 parts are the islands of Laaland and Falster, and next to them Shi-lnnd 

 and Kunen ; but agriculture is not so skilfully or actively pursued in 

 these parts aa in Holstcin and Lauenburg, particularly in the Northern 

 and Southern Ditmarahes of Holstein on tho Baltic coast, where the 

 most perfect tillage in Denmark prevails. Jutland has the least 

 productive soil of any part of the kingdom, a considerable portion of 

 its western districts, as well aa those of Schleswig and Holstein, from 

 the Eyder to the Liim-Fiord, being wholly unavailable for agricultural 

 purposes. The Danes, aa agriculturists, have been steadily improving 

 for some years past, and extensive tracts of land are annually brought 

 into cultivation. The cultivator of the land is however rarely pro- 

 prietor of the soil, and he is over-burdened with dues and services ; 

 his capital moreover is usually too small, and property is too much 

 subdivided. Of the available land about four-fifths have been applied to 

 useful purposes ; while of the cultivated land about nine-tenths consist 

 of arable land, the remainder comprising meadows, pastures, and 

 woods and forests. The average yearly produce of the cultivated aoil 

 u estimated at 400,000 quarters of wheat, 1,600,000 of rye, 4,500,000 

 of oaU, 2,000,000 of barley, 125,000 of buckwheat, 250,000 of peas 

 and beans, 250,000 of rapeseed, 2,250,000 tons of potatoes, 2500 

 wta. of hops, and 450,000 Ibs. of tobacco. A large quantity of 

 wheat, rye, barley, oata, buckwheat, peas and beans, and rapeseed an 

 exported ; also some malt, meal, and fiour. Of the grain exported, 

 above four-sevenths, and of rapnwed more than four-fifths, are from 

 Danish duchies. Much flax and hemp is also raised, but little of 

 .uperior quality, and in the whole scarcely enough for domestic 

 purposes. Denmark produces the usual kinds of vegetables; but 

 horticulture is not carried to any extent, except in the vicinity of 

 the towns, especially Copenhagen, Altona, and Oliickstadt, Large 

 crops of the commoner descriptions of fruit are produced; but 

 attention is paid rather to quantity than quality. 



There is much very flue pasture land in several parts of the 

 kingdom ; and the rearing of hones and cattle U an object of great 

 attention. The light Daniah and heavy Holstein breeds of horses are 

 equally valuable in their way, the on* for cavalry purpose* and the 

 otcMr for draught The Jutland breed islimUar in figure and 



extraction to the Holstein, but has not so fine a head. The king has 

 large studs at Friedrichsburg and Jiigerpreiss ; and numerous esta- 

 blishment* of this kind are kept up by individuals, particularly in 

 Funen. The number of borsei annually exported is very considerable. 

 The rearing of horned cattle is on an extensive scale, chiefly with a 

 view to the making of butter and cheese and salted beet Great 

 attention has been given to the improvement of the breeds of cattle, 

 and the number exported is very large, a great stimulus having been 

 given to the trade by the removal of ilio prohibitory duties on the 

 importation of cattle into England. A great deal of beef is also 

 exported. Of butter alone several millions of pounds' weight are 

 annually exported. Cheese, lard, salt meat, hides, and skins are 

 likewise exported in great quantities. Large flocks of sheep are kept : 

 the best native breeds are the Eyderstcdt and Frisian in Schleswig, 

 nuil the Jutland race; but they are reared rather for the sake of 

 their flesh and milk (from which last cheese is mode), than for their 

 wool. The stock has been improved by crossing with the Merino 

 breed. The quantity of wool annually obtained is said to be about 

 5,000,000 Ibs. about one-fourth of which is exported. Of swine, 

 Denmark possesses three species, the best of which is the Ji 

 sort Poultry of all kinds are raised, particularly geese. Mucli 

 honey and wax in made in Fiinen, Falster, and Bornholm, and also 

 from the bees on the lu-itlm in the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein ; 

 but neither the one nor the other is adequate to the domestic 

 consumption. 



Tho fisheries form a very essential branch of national iinl 

 the bays and inlets and the mouths of the Danish rivers beii 

 stocked with fish, afford abundant and profitable employment to tho 

 inhabitants in almost every part of the long line of coast The i 

 grounds of the Liim-Fiord, and indeed of the whole north-eastern coast 

 of Jutland, are the moat important with regard not only to tho 

 herring trade, but other descriptions of fish, such as mackerel, cod, 

 salmon, eels, flat-fish, shell-fish, ftc. ; they employ upwards of 250 

 boats and 1000 men belonging to the adjacent coast, besides a great 

 number of vessels from other parts, among which are above 100 large 

 barks called Quasen, which resort here from Shi-land, Ftinen, 

 and Bornholm. The average annual produce of salted herrings in 

 this quarter alone is 50,000 tons, of which nearly 20,000 tons arc 

 exported. The herring fishery in the Ureat Belt gives occupn' 

 more than 100 vessels. Oysters aro in Holstein a crown monopoly. 

 Seals are taken on the Jutland coast about Eyderstedt, and their f;it 

 is converted into oil. There is an association for the herring fishery 

 at Altona, who are the proprietors of twenty or thirty vessels. The 

 Danes also take an active port in the cod-fishery of the North Sea and 

 the whale fishery off the shores of Greenland. 



The fine forests which once enriched the Danish soil have gone to 

 decay from want of care and from wasteful consumption. This bos 

 especially been the case in Denmark Proper and the duchy of 

 Schleswig. One-fourth of them is crown property. The 

 stretch northward from the Schley along the eastern coast of .1 

 to the Liim-Fiord ; there are long tracts of them also in the south- 

 western parts of Funcn from Bogcnse to Svenborg. The woods of 

 Siacland, Falstcr, and Laaland are of low growth. The pine is ths 

 prevalent tree, intermixed with the beech, oak, and birch. Denmark 

 is dependent for her supplies of timber on Norway, Prussia, l; 

 and other countries ; and the inhabitants are compelled in many parti 

 from the positive absence of wood to resort to any substitnti . 

 as manure, straw, haulm, &c., for fuel. There is little inland game 

 but what is found in the royal and other forests, but great nu 

 of wild waterfowl aro killed on the blonds along the Schleswig coasts 

 and in other parts. 



Denmark possesses no mines or metals whatever, nor any minerals 

 of importance except coals, freestone, and salt : the coal-pi Is in Horn 

 holm have been abandoned, and there b but one salt-work, that at 

 Oldesloho in Holstein. The supply of salt b drawn from Portugal, 

 Luneburg, tc. Amber b collected on the Hitze, a sandbank on tho 

 western coast of Jutland ; it b both of the white and deep yellow 

 kinds. Potten' and porcelain earths are also obtained. Peat is got 

 wherever there are swamps, and every village in those parts has bog- 

 land assigned for its supply. 



Mineral waters have been brought into use at Gliicksburg in 

 Schleswig and at Bramstede in Holstein, and there are saline springs 

 near Oldeslohe in the same duchy. 



In a country where agricultural pursuits create a greater demand 

 for labour than the population in competent to furnish, any great 

 development of manufacturing industry cannot reasonably bo looked 

 for. The Daniidi capital is the chief seat of mannl'm imv, and we: 

 refer to the article COI-KNIIAOKX for the details. AI.TOXA is m \t in 

 importance : iU principal productions are silk, woollen, and cotton 

 goods, leather, soap, refined sugar, and tobacco. Lace is made on MI 

 extensive scale in and about Tondcrn, and some is so fine as to bo 

 worth 80*. or 40*. a yard. There are large tobacco manufactures, but 

 they are said not to produce more than one-eighth of the quantity 

 consumed. The woollen manufactures, principally of the coarser 

 kinds of goods, are chiefly in Copenhagen, Fredericia, mid <>!)< 

 of Denmark Proper ; and the cotton in the same capital, Altona, 

 Roeskilde, Christianfelde, and liaoerau. Kanden is the princip.il 

 seat of the glove manufacture; and Friedrichsviirk, Lyngby, and 



