DERBYSHIRE. 



DESSAU. 



: J 



Norman conquest considerable grmuU of land within the county were 

 made to Henry da Ferrari, whose sou Robert wu the first Earl 

 Ferrers. Another Robert, son of the first Earl Ferrers, was created 

 Earl of Derby in \\ -. William 1'everil, a natural son of the Con- 

 queror, received also considerable grant*. He built the castle of t!. 

 Peak, and be or his son is supposed to hare built the original Bolsover 

 Castle. [BoLBOVKR,] The Peak Castle is now an ' ill-shapen ruin,' 

 situated on the verge of the rocky precipice that forma the roof of 

 the Peak cavern at Cart It-ton. In the civil war in the time of John, 

 William earl Ferrers, who had obtained a new grant of the earldom 

 of Derby, and who was one of the king's party, took the castles of the 

 Peak and Bolsover. In the reign of Henry III. the Earl of Ferrers 

 and Derby was one of the most active of die insurgent barons ; but 

 having been wonted and taken prisoner by Henry, the king's nephew, 

 at the battle of Chesterfield, he was deprived of the earldom of Derby, 

 with the vast possessions attached to it. These were afterwards given 

 to Edmund, earl of Lancaster, i-on of Henry III., and thus eventually 

 formed part of the domains of the duchy of Lancaster. No public 

 events of interest are connected with Derbyshire until after the 

 Reformation. The earldom of Derby was conferred by Henry VII". 

 upon his supporter, Lord Stanley, in whose family it has ever since 

 continued. 



Derbyshire contains various relics of the middle ages baronial, 

 ecclesiastical, and monastic. Besides the Peak Castle there are some 

 remains of Codnor Castle, near Heanor, the undent residence of the 

 Greys of Codnor; these remains are partly converted into a farm- 

 house. HaJilon Hall, the seat of the Duke of Rutland, is on the left 

 bank of the Wye, below BAKKWELL. Hardwick Hall is a curious 

 specimen of the style of domestic architecture in Elizabeth's reign, 

 and has remained unaltered since the time of its erection ; it in 

 between Chesterfield and Mansfield, and belongs to the Duke of 

 Devonshire. Some of the furniture is perhaps older than the house 

 itself, and was removed from the old hall, now in ruins, near the 

 present mansion. Hardwick contains some embroidery done by Mary 

 queen of Scots, who was imprisoned here and at ChaUworth and 

 South Wingfield for some time. South Wingfield manor-house was 

 built in the reign of Henry VI., and ruined in the civil wars of 

 Charles I. : the remains present some beautiful features. 



The churches of Derbyshire contain some very ancient portions. 

 Reptou church has under the chancel a very curious Anglo-Saxon 

 crypt, which there is reason to suppose was a part of the conventual 

 church destroyed here by the Danes in 874. The rest of the church is 

 of a later period ; the architecture is varied, partly Norman, portly 

 early H"glihj and partly decorated English ; the tower and spire, 

 which are very lofty and of fine outline, are in the perpendicular 

 ir.ngll.li gtyle. Melbourne church, near the border of Leicestershire, 

 is a fine example of early Norman architecture, and is nearly in its 

 original state. It has been conjectured, but without sufficient reason, 

 to be as ancient as the 7th century. Brassington and Streetly churches 

 also contain some interesting features of early Norman date. The 

 iVmu ntnrl chapel at Streetly is a Norman edifice, perfect, with the 

 exception of the windows, which have been enlarged, and the roof : 

 the ornaments are elaborate and well executed. The remains of curly 

 pointed architecture in Derbyshire are few, and by no means remark- 

 able; the best are perhaps All Saints church at DKKUY, and the 

 parish churches of ABU BOURSE, BAKKWELL, CHESTERFIELD, and 

 Dronfield. 



Of the monastic establishments of Derbyshire there are very few 

 remains. Some remains of Repton priory may be seen in the school 

 at Repton and in the master's house. After the old Saxon priory was 

 destroyed by the Danes, a monastery of Black (or Augustinian) Canons 

 was founded here by Maud, widow of Ranulph, second earl of Chester. 

 There are at Yeavelcy, 4 miles south of Ashbourne, some ruins of a 

 chapel, formerly a preoeptory of the order of St. John of Jerusalem. 

 Of Dal* Abbey, 64 miles east from Derby, founded in 1 204, for Premon- 

 mtensian Canons, there only remains the arch of the east window of 

 the church. Beauchief Abbey, Norton, near Slwfiicld, is just within 

 the boundary of Derbyshire : it was founded in 1183 for Prernon- 

 atratensian or White Canons. The only part of the abbey now 

 remaining u the west end of the conventual church, which is used as 

 UM chapel of the extra-parochial district of Beauchief. The architec- 

 ture is plain, but the situation amidst woods and hills is delightful. 



The principal historical events connected with Derbyshire since the 

 Reformation occurred during the civil war of Charles I. The county 

 at Ant declared for the king, who after setting up his standard at 

 Nottingham marched to Derby ; but it was soon brought over to the side 

 of the Parliament bv the activity and influence of Sir John Gcll, who 

 marching from Hull into Derbyshire (October 1642) with a regiment 

 of foot, nnsisting of only 140 men, raised 200 men at Chesterfield, 

 and prueartmg to Derby garrisoned that town. South Wingfleld 

 manor-house was also garrisoned for the Parliament. In 1' 

 John took Bolsover Castle, which the Earl of Newcastle had fortified 

 for th- king ; and his brother, Colonel (Jell, took Sutton House, near 

 Chesterfield, which had besa also garrisoned for the king by Lord 

 Deinconrt. The Earl of Newcastle for the king took South Wingfield 

 manor-house; and the Royalists possessed themselves of the northern 

 paru of the county. In the summer of 1844 Sir John Uell took 

 South Wingfield manor-house, and defeated the forces sent to relieve 



it ; and General Crawford, another parliamentary commander, took 

 Bolsover Castle and Staveley House. 



Derbyshire U both an agricultural and manufacturing county, but 

 its population has for some time been more decidedly manufacturing 

 and mining than agricultural In 1851 the county bad ten savings 

 banks, at Alfreton, Ashbourne, Bakewell, Belper, Chapel-en 1< 

 Chesterfield, Derby, Eckiugton, Ulossop, and Wirksworth. The 

 amount owing to depositors on the 20th of November 1851 was 

 419,752f. ISj. S</. 



HKUKHAM, EAST, Norfolk, a market-town in the parish of East 

 Derehaui and hundred of Mitford, is situated in 52 40' N. bit., 

 56 E. long., distant 16 miles W.N.W. from Norwich, 100 miles 

 from London by road, and 125 miles by the Eastern Counties and 

 East Anglian railways, vift Lynn. The population of the town in 1851 

 was 3372. The living, a vicarage with the curacy of Hoo and a 

 sinecure rectory annexed, is in the archdeaconry of Norfolk and 

 diocese of Norwich. 



The town of Dereham ia pleasantly situated, and has a clean and 

 neat appearance. The streets ore wide, lighted with gas, and 

 with pebbles. The parish church is a spacious cruciform building of 

 ancient date, and has a nave with side aisles, transepts, and a choir, 

 with a tower rising from the intersection of the nave and transepts. 

 The font in the church is rich and handsome; it was placed 1. 

 the 15th century. A monument to the poet Cowper, who is buried 

 in the north transept The Independents, Baptists, and 

 Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists have places of worship. 

 are National and British schools and a mechanics institution. 

 Numerous gardens and orchards ore in the vicinity of the town. 

 Agricultural machines are manufactured at East Dereham. There 

 are malt-houses and breweries. The market is held on Friday for 

 cattle, provision*, and grain. There are two yearly fairs, in July and 

 September. Petty sessions are held fortnightly. 



(Blomefield, Norfolk ; General Uiitory of Norfolk.) 



IJICIK!, l.oriJH. [DOKEUAL.] 



DERRY, with Raphoc, a bishop's see in the archdiocese of Armagh, 

 in Ireland. The diocese of Deny and Raphoe embraces the greater 

 part of the counties of Londonderry, Donegal, and Tyrone, and a small 

 portion of Antrim. It contains 62 benefices in Derry and 35 in 

 Kaphoe. The income of the united dioceses is 8000/. a year. The 

 chapter of the diocese of Derry consists of a dean, archdeacon, and 

 three prebendaries; that of Raphoe of a dean, archdeacon, and four 

 prebendaries. 



Derry signifies ' a place of oaks.' In Pagan times the eminence on 

 which the city and cathedral now stand was known as Derry-Calgaich, 

 or the Oak Grove of Calgaich. Towards the end of the 6th century 

 Columba came hither from lona and founded a church. From this 

 period down to the plantation of Ulster it was called from him 1 

 Columbkill, and was famous for iU abbey and religious found.v 

 In 1118, when the council of Rath-breasil was held, this district 

 seems to have been included in the ancient diocese of Ardstraw or 

 Rathlury. The see of Derry was established in 1158, when Flah 

 O'Brolchain, the then abbot of the monastery, was raised to the 

 dignity of bishop. This see remained unrefonned, together with 

 those of Raphoe and Clogher, down to the time of the plantation of 

 Ulster. The first Protestant bishop was George Montgomery, nomi- 

 nated Ur the succession in 1008. There is a very full account of the 

 history and antiquities of this see in the first part of a ' Memoir of 

 the Ordnance Survey of Ireland,' 4to., 1887. [LONDONDERRY. 1 



I) Kit WENT. [DERBYSHIRE.] 



DEKWENT-WATER. [CI-.MBEBLASD.] 



DESAGUADERO. [BOLIVIA.] 



DKSKN/.ANo. [BRESCIA.] 



DESMOND. [KERRY.] 



1 >i:s.SAU, the capital of the duchy of Anhalt-Dessau, in Germany, 

 is situated on the left bank of the Mulde, about two miles from it* 

 junction with the Elbe, in 51 48' N. lat., 12 18' E. long., 

 distance of 80 miles by railway S.W. from Berlin, 54 miles N. from 

 Leipzig by railroad through Halle and Ciithcn, and has about 12,000 

 inhabitants, of whom some 800 are Jews. The town is about half .- 

 league in circumference ; throe sides of it in l>y .-i wall, 



and the fourth, towards the east, is bounded by the Mul.le, which is 

 crossed by a handsome bridge, Dessau has six gates, and is divided 

 into the Altstadt, Neustadt, and the Sand, and three suburbs : it 

 contains seven public squares, and thirty streets, which upon tli.- 

 whole are well and regularly built. The Cavalier-street would bo 

 an ornament to any capital, and some of the public buildings are 

 handsome. The ducal palace, which is a noble edifice, contain* 

 a picture-gallery anil collections of art ; the chapel contains a > 

 d'omvre of Lucas Cranach, the Last Supper, in which he has intro- 

 duced portraits of Luther, Melancthou, and others. Among the 

 other buildings may be mentioned the town hall ; four churches, two 

 of which belong to the Reformed Lutherans, one to the Lutherans, and 

 one to the Roman Catholics ; one synagogue, two hospitals, a poor- 

 house, orphan asylum, infirmary, au elegant theatre with cm 

 room attached, and the riding-school. The public cemetery is laid 

 out with great taste, and embellished with an elegant entrance in 

 the Roman style. Dessau is well supplied with schools of public 

 instruction. Among them are the Franz school for the education of 



