-: 



DORDKECUT. 



DORIS. 



T7 



after the first French revolution. Behit stands on a hill 

 13 miles aW. from Sarlat, and ho 3529 inhabitant*, who manufacture 

 paper, leather, bowery, coarse woollens, and nut-oil. The town 

 cooaifU of a spacious square on the crest of the hill, and of several 

 atop irregular streets, which lead into it Lt Bnye, a pretty little 

 town near the confluence of the Yntre and the Dordogne, ha* 

 2398 inhabitants, who manufacture woollens anil nut-oil, and trade 

 in wine and provisions with Bordeaux. There are also near the 

 town at the village of Miremont, several iron-foundries, and one of 

 the largest grottoes in France. St.-Cypri, S.W. from Sarlat, on the 

 right bank of the Dordogne, stands at the foot of a hill bristling with 

 rocks, and at the entrance of a rich valley ; it has 2324 inhabitanta, 

 and a much frequented mineral spring. Moittignac, a considerable 



town on the Veiiro, which here becomes navigable, has 3752 inhabit- 

 ants ; on a hill above it are the remains of a fine old castle, which 

 played an important part in the wars with the English in the 14th 

 century. Terrauon, higher up the Vesere, stands on the' slope of a 

 steep hill on the left bank of the river, which is passed by a fine 

 bridge of recent erection ; the streets are narrow and steep, but some 

 of the buildings are good : the population is 2393. Dommr, onco an 

 important fortress, on a high hill above the Dordogne and VUUfranclic- 

 <lc-Iidri, in the south-eastern angle of the deportment, are the 

 most important of the other towns, with about 2000 inhabitants 



The department forms the see of the Bishop of Pdrigueux ; it is 

 comprised in the jurisdiction of the High Court of Bordeaux, and 

 belongs to the 1 4th Military Division, of which Bordeaux is head- 

 quarters. 



(Dictionnairc dc la France; Balbi, Gtographie ; Annuairc pour I'An 

 1853.) 



DORDRECHT. [DoBT.] 



DORE-ABBEY, sometimes called ABBEY-DORE, Herefordshire, 

 a village and the seat of a Poor-Law Union in the parish of Dore- 

 Abbey, is situated on the right bank of the little river Dore, in 

 61* 68' N. lat, 2 51' W. long. ; 12 miles S.W. from Hereford, and 

 135 miles W.N.W. from London. The population of the pariah in 

 1851 was 688, including 87 inmates of the Union workhouse. The 

 living is a rectory in the archdeaconry and diocese of Hereford. 

 Dore-Abbey Poor-Law Union contains 29 parishes and townships, 

 with an area of 74,917 acres, and a population in 1851 of 9208. The 

 village is pleasantly situated, but is a place of little consequence. In 

 the reign of Stephen a monastery for Cistercian monks' was founded 

 here, whence the village receive. I iU appellation of Abbey-Dore. The 

 abbey church, which now forms the parish church, is a spacious and 

 handsome cruciform structure with a massive tower. 



DORIS, DORIANS. Doris was a small district of Ancient Greece, 

 the seat of the Dorians, the most powerful of the Hellenic tribes. It 

 occupied the valley of the Pindus (now the Apoatolia) between the 

 mountain ranges of (Ktia and Parnassus, lying between 38 30' and 

 38* 60' N. lat, and 22* 10' and 22 40' E. long., and was bounded 

 K. by Southern Thessaly, W. by ^Etolia, S. by Ozolian Locris, and E. 

 by Phocis. The country is a narrow gently undulating valley, open 

 towards Phocis ; and through this valley the Pindus, a tributary of 

 the Cephiasus, flows to join the latter stream ; which it does after a 

 short course at no very great distance from the source of the 

 Cephissus. The valley itself is tolerably level and well watered by 

 numerous small streams which swell the volume of the Pindua ; but 

 the mountains on both sides are lofty, rugged, and precipitous, 

 rendering the winters in the valley lone and severe. The soil is fertile 

 and productive in grain. The valley of the Pindus stands higher than 

 that of the Cephissus, and is naturally separated from it by the bills 

 which on either side approach and leave only a narrow passage for the 

 river. (Leake's ' Northern Greece,' ii. 70.) It was in this valley that 

 the four towns which formed the Doric Tetrapolis Erineus, or 

 li.Minn, the principal town, Boium, Cytinium, and Pindus were 

 situated. The Dorians did not however confine themselves to the 

 plain. From various passages in ancient writers it is evident that 

 they at one time extended across Mount (Eta to the Gulf of Maliacus, 

 while as Mr. Orote has shown (' Hist, of Greece,' L 141) it is probable 

 that prior to their conquest of the Peloponnesus they also occupied 

 the country along the northern shores of the Corinthian Gulf, com- 

 prising a large part of .Ktulia, the Ocoline Locris, and Phocis. In the 

 historical period the Dorians were in possession of the entire eastern 

 and southern part* of Peloponnesus. 



Doris is said to have been originally called Dryopis, from the 

 Dryopes who occupied the country before its conquest by the Dorians. 

 The plain is entered by two mountain passes from the north, one 

 crossing the eastern side of Mount (Eta, the other a portion of the 

 same ridge farther west On the south was an important pass leading 

 from Doris to Amphisse, at the head of which stood the commanding 

 military town of Cytinium, the site of which appears to be now 

 occupied by Oravia. The ruins of MarioUtes, Col Leako supposes 

 to mark the site of Boium. 



The history of Doris proper is of little importance. It submitted 

 to the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes, and its towns were spared. 

 In the various vKbilian, I'hocian, and Macedonian wars it suffered 

 greatly. The town* an mentioned as existing by Strata and Pliny. 

 The Dorians derive their origin from a mythical personage i 



who is generally made kh* son of HaUea, thoa|!l lie in described 

 as the son of Xuthus by Euripides ( Ion . 

 mentions (L 62) five successive migrations of this race. Their tint 

 settlement was in Phthiotis, in the time of Deucalion ; the next, itn.1- r 

 Doras, in Hestixotis, at the foot of Ossa and Olympus ; the third, on 

 Mount Pindus, after they had been expelled by the Cadmeans from 

 Hestueotis. In this settlement, says Herodotus, they were called the 

 Macedonian people; and he elsewhere (viii. 43) attributes to the 

 Dorians a Macedonian origin ; but there does not appear to have been 

 any real connection between the Dorians and the Macedonians (who, 

 it has been shown, were of lUyrian extraction : MiilU-r, ' D..r.,' i. p. -J> 

 beyond this vicinity of abode. The fourth settlement of the Dorians, 

 according to Herodotus, was in Dryopis, the country noticed above 

 and subsequently known as Doris, or the Dorian Tetrapolis ; and tin ir 

 last migration was to the Peloponnesus. Another, and most remark- 

 able expedition, not mentioned by Herodotus, was the voyage of a 

 Dorian colony to Crete, which is stated to have taken place while they 

 were in their second settlement at the foot of Olympua (' Androm.' 

 apud Strabou., p. 475 D) ; and Dorians are mentioned among the 

 inhabitants of that island even by Homer ('Oil.' xix. 174). This 

 early settlement in Crete must not be confused with the two subsequent 

 expeditious of the Doriana to that island, which touk place aft> 

 were well settled in the Peloponnesus, the one from Loconia under 

 the guidance of Pollis and Delphus, the other from A rgolis under 

 Althtemenes. The migration of the Dorians to tho Peloponnesus 

 which is generally called ' the return of the descendants of Hercules,' 

 is stated to have occurred 80 years after the Trojan war, that is, in 

 B.C. 1104 (Thucyd. i 12). The origin and nature of the connection 

 which subsisted between the Heracleida) and the Dorians are 

 involved in much obscurity, but we cannot here enter into the 

 question. 



The Dorians must have been very inferior in number to the 

 inhabitanta of the countries which they conquered ; but the superiority 

 of their peculiar tactics ensured them an easy victory in the field, and 

 they appear to have taken all the strong places either by a long 

 blockade or by some lucky surprise ; for they were altogether unskilled 

 in the art of taking walled towns. The governments which the Dorians 

 established in all the countries which they thus invaded and con 

 was, as might have been expected, very analogous to that which tin; 

 Norman invasion introduced into England, namely, an aristocracy of 

 conquest ; for while the successful invaders remained on a footing of 

 equality among themselves, all the old inhabitants of the counti ;> 

 reduced to an inferior condition, like the Saxons in England. They 

 were called wtflomoi, or 'dwellers round about the city,' a imniu 

 corresponding exactly to the Pfahlburger, or 'citizens of the Palisade,' 

 at Augsburg, who dwelt in the city suburbs without the wall of the 

 city ; to the ' pale ' in Ireland before tho time of James I. ; to the 

 people of the contado in Italy ; and to the fauxbourgcois in France. 

 (Niebuhr, ' Hist of Koine,' i. p. 398, Kng. tr. ; Arnold's ' Thucydides,' 

 L p. 626 ; and Borghiui, ' Origine della Citta di Fircnze,' p. 280, ed. 

 1584.) All the members of the one class were gentle, all those of the 

 other clsss were simple. The constitution of Sparta in particular 

 waa an aristocracy of conquest as far as the relations between the 

 Spartans and Lacodicmoniaus were concerned, while the Spartans 

 themselves lived under a democracy with two head magistrates, who 

 were indeed called kings, but possessed very little kingly power. 



One of the most remarkable of the Doric institutions waa that of 

 the Ephori, or Overseers, a body of magistrates who possessed < 

 ordinary privileges. The institution of this office is usually ascribed 

 to Thuopompus, the grandson of Charilaus the Proclid ; but we agree 

 with Dr. Arnold ('Thucyd.' vol. i. 6i6, and see Mailer's 'Dorians,' 

 ii. 550, Bug. trans.), in thinking that the Ephori, who were live in 

 number, were coeval with the first settlement of the Dorians in Sparta, 

 and were merely the municipal magistrates of the five hamlets which 

 composed the city ; but that afterwards when the Heracleida) began to 

 encroach upon the privileges of tre other Dorians, and it would seem 

 in the reign of Theopompus, the Dorians gained for the Ephori an 

 extension of authority which placed them virtually at tho head of the 

 state, although the nominal authority was ntill left in tho hands of the 

 HurncloidiD. Thus the Ephori were popular magistrates as far as the 

 Dorians themselves were concerned, and the guardians of their right*, 

 yet in relation to tho nptoiKoi they were the oppressive instruments 

 of an overbearing aristocracy. (Plato, ' Log.' iv. 712.) Tho Ephori 

 were chosen in the autumn of every year ; and the first in rank gave 

 his name to the year. Every Spartan without regard to age or wealth 

 was eligible to the office. Tho Ephori possessed judicial rights, 

 generally presiding in causes of great importance ; thoy held also a 

 censorial office, and were empowered to fine whom they picas* <i 

 exact immediate payment of the fine ; they could suspend tln< 

 functions of any other magistrate, and arrest and bring to tri 

 under certain circumstances, depose even the kings. They presided 

 and put the vote in the public assemblies, and performed all tin' 

 functions of sovereignty in receiving and dismissing embassies, treating 

 with foreign states, and sending out military expeditious. The king, 

 when he commanded, was always attended by two of the Ephnri, who 

 exercised a controlling power over his movements. The iiourj < 

 of tlm Kphori became at length almont uubcMi.i'nl.'. :u><l tiny v.vr.- 

 on their m-nts of juxtici 1 l>y I 'leomeues II. and l.h-'ii 



