777 



DORKING. 



DORSETSHIRE. 



779 



overthrown. It was however subsequently restored, though with 

 diminished powers, and existed under the Romans. 



The usual name for a constitution in a Dorian state was an order or 

 regulative principle (ttAffpos), and this name appears to have arisen 

 from the circumstance that the attention of the Dorian legislators was 

 principally, if not solely, directed to the establishment of a system of 

 military discipline and to the encouragement of that strict subordi- 

 nation which is the result of it. It was by superior prowess and 

 discipline that the Dorians had acquired their rank, and it was only 

 by a continuance of this superiority that they could hope to maintain 

 themselves in the same position. Accordingly, it was important that 

 while the bulk of the population was occupied as much as possible in 

 agricultural employments, the Dorian aristocracy should enjoy suffi- 

 cient leisure and have every inducement of religion and amusement to 

 practise those martial exercises in which it was so needful for them 

 to excel. The same occasion for strict discipline may also account 

 for the extraordinary austerity which prevailed in most Dorian 

 communities. The Dorian women enjoyed a degree of consideration 

 unusual among the Greeks. The Syssitia, or common tables, which 

 were established in most Dorian states, were designed to admonish 

 those of the privileged class that, living as they did in the midst of a 

 red but numerous population, they must not consider them- 

 selves to have any individual existence, but must live only for the 

 sake of their order (xta/tos). The Delphian oracle regulated all the 

 Dorian law systems. 



The Dorians used a peculiar variety of the Greek language known as 

 the D'.i-ic dialect. It was spoken in the Dorian Tetrapolis ; in the 

 greater part of the Peloponnesus, and in the numerous Dorian colonies. 

 The lyric poets of Greece in general wrote in the Doric di-lect ; and 

 the choruses in the Attic plays are written in a kind of Doric. On 

 this dialect the reader may consult, in addition to Mattaire and Gregory 

 of Corinth, who have written on the Greek dialects in general, 

 the excellent remarks of Siuller, 'Dorians,' v. it App. VIII. p. 484, 

 Eug. trans. 



In addition to the Dorian settlements which have been mentioned, 

 this race sent out many colonies : of these the most important were 

 established along the south-west coast of Asia Minor and the western 

 coast of Greece. Among the more important on this coast were 

 Ambracia, Anactorium, Apollonia, Epidamnus, and Leucas. Rhodes, 

 Cyprus, Corcyra, and Sicily also boasted a Dorian population ; Byzan- 

 tium and Chalcedon were Megarean colonies ; and the celebrated 

 cities, Tarentum and Cr.otona, in Italy, were founded under the 

 authority of Sparta. 



(Muller, Dunlins; K. F. Hermann, Lehrluc/i der Griechiichen 



Leake, Northern Greece ; Dodwell ; Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman 

 (ieoyraphy ,- Thirlwall, Uitt. of Greece, voL i. ; Grote, If tit. of Greece; 

 Wordsworth, Greece.) 



DORKING, Surrey, a market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Uuion in the parish of Dorking, is situated in 51 14' N. lat., 19' 

 W. long. ; distant 12 miles E. by S. from Guildford, 23 miles S. by \V. 

 from London by road, and 29 miles by the Reading branch of the 

 South-Eastern railway. The population of the town of Dorking in 

 1851 was 3490. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of 

 Surrey and diocese of Winchester. Dorking Poor-Law Union contains 

 eight parishes and townships, with an area of 37,970 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 11,302. 



Dorking occupies an agreeable and healthy situation in the valley 

 on the south side of the North Downs, near the river Mole. The 

 town has a neat and clean appearance, the streets are well laid out, 

 lighted with gas, and paved. The parish church, a spacious edifice, 

 rebuilt in 1837, consists of nave, aisles, transept, and chancel, and 

 has a tower rising from the intersection of the nave and transept ; the 

 tower is surmounted with an octagonal spire of considerable height. 

 The Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, and Quakers have places of 

 worship. There are National, British, and Infant schools, and a 

 savings bank. 



The chief trade of Dorking is in flour, lime, and chalk. Poultry 

 of a peculiar kind is reared for the London market, though less 

 extensively now than formerly. The Dorking fowl is distinguished 

 by having five claws to each foot. The weekly market is on Thursday ; 

 a monthly stock market U held on the second Thursday of the mouth ; 

 on annual fair is held on the day before Holy Thursday. Petty 

 Mmioiu and a county court are held in Dorking. Many Roman coins 

 have been found in the neighbourhood, including silver coins of 

 Tiberius and Antoninus. In the neighbourhood of Dorking are many 

 handsome mansions, among which is Deepdeue, the residence of 

 Henry Thomaa Hope, Esq. 



and Bray, Surrey ; Brayley, Surrey^ 

 lioRXOCH. [SUTHERLAND.] 



HOItPAT, or DEKPT (in Livonian, Tehrpata), a town in the 

 government of Livonia in Russia, is situated at the foot and on the 

 declivity of a hill on the Embach, a feeder of Lake Peipus, in 58 22' 

 N. lat., 2<i" 45' K. long., 138 miles N.E. from Riga, and 168 miles S.W. 

 from 'M. Petersburg, and has about 14,000 inhabitants, including the 

 Riga and St. Petersburg suburbs. The river is crossed by a handsome 

 l.nilj/i: of ^ninitii of tlin o miiHxive arches, and the town, which is 

 IH*he<l with gardrn-'., rnnii.i a twruicirclo, laid out in straight 



broad streets, which are kept very clean, and adornad with some 

 handsome public buildings of freestone, particularly the government 

 offices and university buildings. The houses, constructed either of 

 bricks or wood, the walls and roofs of which are painted in showy 

 colours, do not in general exceed one story in height. The Domberg 

 Hill, at the north-western extremity of the town, is approached from 

 one of the principal squares, and is laid out in avenues and walks ; 

 the summit is called Cathedral Place, from its having been the site of 

 a cathedral, which was burned down in 1775, and is at present the 

 site of an observatory, of the university library, of schools of anatomy 

 and natural history, museums, &c. The observatory of Dorpat, long 

 presided over by Struve, is one of the most celebrated in Europe. 

 Among its excellent astronomical apparatus is a great refracting 

 telescope by Fraunhofer, which was placed here by the Emperor 

 Alexander. In the middle of the 16th century Dorpat had a cathedral 

 and seven churches within the walls, besides three outside of them. Of 

 the town as it then existed there remains little except the ruins of 

 the old cathedral, the whole city having been almost destroyed in 

 the great fire of 1775. The ramparts still exist but they are converted 

 into public walks. Internal trade, the navigation of the Embach, 

 and the wants of those who are connected with the university, afford 

 employment to the people of the town. They also hold a large 

 annual fair in January for the sale of Russian and foreign manufac- 

 tures. The university was founded in 1632 by Gustavus Adolphus, 

 at a time when Livonia, Esthouia, and Ingria, belonged to the 

 Swedish crown, but was suppressed by Alexis Michaelovitsh in 1656. 

 The Swedes having however recovered possession of Livonia, it was 

 re-established in 1690 ; in 1699 they transferred it to Pernau, and in 

 December 1802, it was reconstituted by the Emperor Alexander for 

 the benefit of Livonia, Esthonia, and Courland, the nobility of which 

 elect a curator or superintendent, who conjointly with its heads, 

 administers its revenue, which amounts to about 5SOO/. a year. The 

 university, which is open to students of every religious persuasion, 

 but is particularly a Protestant institution, consists of the four 

 faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy ; had 45 professors 

 in 1848, and was attended by about 600 students. It has a library 

 of nearly 60,000 volumes, and suitable collections for natural and 

 experimental philosophy, mineralogy, zoology, anatomy, and patho- 

 logy, &c. ; a botanical garden, containing above 18,000 plants, a theo- 

 logical and a philological seminary, a gymnasium, and a training school. 



DORSETSHIRE, an English county included between 50 30' and 

 51 5' N. lat., and 1 48' and 3 7' W. long. ; is bounded E. by Hamp- 

 shire, N. uj Wiltshire, N.W. by Somersetshire, and W. by Devonshire : 

 along all its southern borders it is washed by the English Channel. 

 Dorsetshire is for a short distance separated from Hampshire by a 

 rivulet which joins the Avon of Wiltshire and Hampshire above 

 Christchurch : for a short distance it is separated from Somersetshire 

 by the Ivel or Yeo, and the brooks that run into it ; and in the west 

 it is separated from Somersetshire and Devonshire by the Axe and 

 some small streams that run into that river. 



The form of the county is very irregular, and one small part is 

 entirely detached from the rest and inclosed by Devonshire. Its 

 greatest length is from east to west, from Alderholt, near Fording- 

 bridge, in Hampshire, to the western extremity of the detached part, 

 which is inclosed within the boundary of Devonshire, 57 or 58 miles ; 

 but from the irregular course of the boundary, the line joining these 

 two pouits is not wholly in Dorsetshire. The breadth from north to 

 south varies much ; the greatest breadth is from the spot where the 

 river Stour enters Dorsetshire to Portland Bill or Point, 4 miles ; at 

 the eastern extremity, along the Hampshire border, the breadth is 

 16 miles; at the western extremity, near Lynie Regis, only 5 miles. 

 The area is 987 square miles; the population in 1851 was 184,207. 



Coast, Bays, and Islands. At the eastern end of Dorsetshire the 

 coast is precipitous ; but the cliffs extend scarcely a mile south-west 

 from the border of Hampshire, and are succeeded by a low sandy 

 tongue of land, running about a mile farther in the same direction to 

 the narrow entrance of Poole harbour. This bay penetrates 6 miles 

 inland towards the west, and expands to a breadth of 4 or 5 miles. 

 Its outline is very irregular, and it forms several small bays, as Hole's 

 Bay, Lytchet Bay, Ame Bay, &c. It receives the Frome, the Piddle, 

 and other streams ; it consists for the most part of banks of mud, 

 which are dry at low water, and covered with sea-weed, and are 

 separated from each other by deeper channels. The town of Poole 

 is on a peninsula at the entrance of Hole's Bay, on the north side 

 of the harbour. There are several islands in Poole harbour ; Brown- 

 sea or Brownsey, the largest, which lies near the entrance of the 

 harbour, is a mile and a half long from east to west, and nearly a 

 mile broad. It is sandy, partly covered with heath, furze, and fern, 

 and partly cultivated or laid [out in a plantation. There are on it an 

 old castle and one or two tenements. The water is so shallow in 

 Poole harbour, except in the channels, that only small or lightly- 

 laden boats can pass over the banks, even at high water ; several of 

 the channels are only sufficient for fishing boats and small craft ; the 

 Wareham and Mam channels, the south or Wych channel, and that 

 which leads to the town of Poole, are navigable for larger vessels. 

 The shore round Poole harbour is low, and near where the Frome 

 falls into it the land is protected from inundation by an embankment. 



From the entrance of Poole harbour a low shore runs southward 



