M 



DORTMUND. 



DOUBS. 



prorineo, and the residence of tbe oouuU of Holland. The inde- 

 pendence of the United Dutch Provinces was fint declared at Doit in 

 and here in 1618 and 1619 cat the Synod of Dort which 

 condemned the doctrine* of Arminiua. The old gothic structure in 

 which the synod was held U now a public-house. The situation of 

 Dort is naturally so strong, that although frequently invested it has 

 always made successful resistance to the besiegers. It has safe and 

 good harbour, and is well situated for trade, having two canals, by 

 means of which goods can be conveyed to warehouses in the heart of 

 the city. East Indiamen heavily laden can come up to the quays. 

 The chief industrial establishments are shipbuilding docks, saw-mills, 

 sugar-refineries, tobacco factories, salt-refineries, white-lead works, 

 and in the neighbourhood numerous linen bleaching-grounds. There 

 U a large trade also in com, flax, train-oil, salt-fish, and wood ; large 

 rafts of timber are brought down the Rhine from German forests to 

 this place, and broken up for sale. The brothers De Witt were 

 natives of the town. The town-hall is a handsome building, and the 

 principal church is a gothic structure 300 feet long and 125 feet wide, 

 with lofty towers and chimes. The electro-telegraphic wires laid down 

 along the projected line of railway between Antwerp and Rotterdam 

 pass through Dordrecht. 



DORTMUND. [ARXSBERO, vol. i. col. 531.] 



1 ii 'TIS, a town in the north-west of Hungary, is situated about 12 

 miles &E. from Comorn, in 47 88' N. lat, 18 20' E. long., and has 

 about 5000 inhabitants. Between the town and its suburb (called 

 Tovaros, ' Lake Town,' from its situation on a small lake), are the 

 ruins of an ancient castle, which was a favourite residence of Matliiaa 

 Corvinus, king of Hungary. Among the buildings of note are three 

 churches, one of which is very old, a Capuchin and a Piarist monastery 

 (the latter having a grammar-school), a head-district school, n military 

 hospital, and a bath-house. The inhabitants have several flour- and 

 saw-mills, and manufacture coarse woollen cloths, earthenware and 

 pottery, beer, ftc. The Esterbazy family have a splendid castle here, 

 with grounds laid out in the English style. There are vineyards, 

 large sheep-grounds, and extensive forests, in the neighbourhood. 

 Dotis and much of the surrounding land are the property of the 

 Esterhazy family. 



DOUAI, or DOUAY, a large, ancient, and important town on the 

 Scarpe, in the French department of Nord, stands in 50 22' N. lat., 

 y 4' K. long., at a distance of 21 miles by railway 8. from Lille, 80 

 miles S.W. from Brussels, and 149 N. by E. from Paris by the railroad 

 which joins these two cities, and has 18,013 inhabitants including only 

 the commune. It is surrounded by ancient walls, flanked with towers 

 and hud out in agreeable promenades. The town is further defended 

 by a fort on the left bank of the Scarpe. The streets are well laid 

 out. Tbe town-hall, the church of St.-Pie.rre, the cannon-foundry, 

 and the arsenal, are the principal buildings. The inhabitants are 

 engaged in the manufacture of linen, lace, thread, gauze, cotton, soap, 

 glass, leather, beer, gin, pottery, paper, oil, chemical products, and 

 refined sugar. A considerable trade is carried on also in corn, wine, 

 brandy, chicory, wool, hops, flax, woollen cloth, and cattle. Douai 

 is the seat of a University Academy, and of a High Court of Justice, 

 which has jurisdiction over tbe departments of Nord and Pos-dc- 

 Calais ; it has also a college for English Roman Catholic priests, 

 founded by Cardinal Allen, an Englishman ; a royal college ; a school 

 of artillery ; a school of drawing and music ; a public library, which 

 contains 27,000 volumes ; a museum of natural history ; a botanic 

 garden ; and a collection of paintings and antiquities ; several hospitals ; 

 and a theatre. A tribunal of first instance is held here. Exhibitions 

 of the industrial products take place every two rears. Tbe commerce 

 of the town is more active than formerly, in consequence of its 

 connection by railroads with the chief towns of France and Belgium. 

 Douai has also extensive communication by means of the Scarpe, 

 which falls into the Scheldc, and by numerous canals that connect 

 it with the principal trading towns of France, Belgium, and Holland. 



Douai is a place of great antiquity : it existed in the time of the 

 Romans, and became under the counts of Flanders a place of consi- 

 derable importance. Philip tbe Fair took the town from the count 

 of Flanders, A.D. 1297, but it was restored to the counts in 1368 by 

 Charles V. of France. With the rest of Flanders it passed under 

 the dominion of the kings of Spain; and in 1552 I'liilip II. 

 of S|in founded a university here. In 1667 Louis XIV. took 

 DMMMion of Douai : it was taken in 1710 by the allies under Marl- 

 borough and Eugene, but the French retook it after the English 

 withdraw from the coalition against France. Much flax is grown, and 

 coal is dog, in the neighbourhood of the town. 



DOCKS, a dcpartmrnt in the east of France, takes its name from 

 the river Doubts which has its source and a considerable part of its 

 course within it* boundaries. It lies between 46* 35' and 47 81' 

 V. Ut, 6' 39" and 6' 68' E. long., and is bounded N.W. and N. by 

 tbe departments of Haute-Saune and Haut-Rhin ; K. by Switzerland, 

 and S.W. and S. by the department of Jura. This department is 

 irregularly shaped; it* greatest length from north to south is 

 66 miles, from east to west 60 miles : the area according to the latest 

 cadastral returns of the French government is 2019 square miles, and 

 the. population according to the census of ls/,1 was 296,679, which 

 gives 146-94 to tbe square mils, being 2777 below the average per 

 square mile for the whole of France. The population however U 



very unequally distributed : in tbe plains it is far above the average, 

 but very thin indeed in the mountainous parts. The department U 

 formed out of a portion of the old province of Franche-Comtti 



The department presents high mountains, forests, narrow valleys, 

 heaths, rocks, and marshes. It is crossed from north-east to south- 

 west by four parallel chains of the Jura Mountains ; in the highest of 

 these, which runs along the Swiss frontier, are the summit* Mont-d'Ur 

 and Mont-Sucbet, respectively 4920 and 5248 feet high; the ..Hi. . 

 chains become successively lower, so that the highest point in the 

 western chain, Roche-d'Or, U only 2860 feet in height Tbe two 

 more eastern chains have their sides clothed with pine forests, the 

 perpetual verdure of which forms a strong contrast with the snows 

 that cover the mountain tops during six months of the year, or in 

 the absence of snow, with the bare rocky crags which occupy the 

 crest* of these chains: on their southern slopes there is good pasturage 

 during the summer and autumn, to which numerous herds of catUo 

 are driven ; and here in the ' chalets ' or shepherds' huts (the only 

 habitation met with in these regions) a great quantity of r.v 

 butter and cheese is made. Even in the valleys of this region little 

 attention is paid to the cultivation of the soil, in consequence of the 

 length of the winter, the depth of the snow, and the short continu- 

 ance of tbe fine season. The only crop is oats, of which a good deal 

 is grown, but even this crop is sometimes lost under the early snow. 

 The other two chains, though they present many bare rocky heights, 

 have a milder climate, forests of oak (querctu robur) and beech 

 instead of pine, and a more fertile soil in the valleys, which yield 

 wheat, but in no great quantity ; the vine is cultivated on sheltered 

 spots facing the south. The west of the deportment, between tho 

 Doube and the Oignon, is comparatively level, very fertile, and much 

 more densely peopled than the highlands ; here the hills are covered 

 with vineyards, and the plains abundantly produce wheat, maize, 

 hemp, flax, fruits, and other crops. The valleys which separate the 

 mountain chains are longitudinal, that is, they run in the direction of 

 those chains ; they vary greatly in width, in some places opening out 

 into tolerably wide basins, but frequently contracting into deep 

 narrow gorges. The climate is cold but healthy in the mountainous 

 districts, where tbe snow lies commonly from October till April ; in 

 the western plains the temperature is more genial ; west and north- 

 west winds are frequent, and bring rain ; .the south-west wind i 

 ordinarily violent and dry. 



The production of bread-stuffs is not sufficient for the consumption ; 

 of wine the annual produce is only 3,784,000 gallons ; walnuts, 

 cherries, and other fruit-trees are extensively cultivated. Horned 

 cattle, resembling the Swiss breed, and horses, are reared in great 

 numbers. The rivers contain trout, perch, tench, eel, carp, pike, crab, 

 Ac. A silver mine was formerly worked on the flanks of the Mout- 

 d'Or. Iron and cool mines ore worked ; shell-marble, gypsum, and 

 bu ili ling-stone are quarried; lignite, marl, fuller's and potter's clay 

 are found ; and peat for fuel is dug in many places. The mountain 

 pastures abound with medicinal and aromatic plants, and of these huge 

 quantities are gathered. 



In tbe mountainous districts tbe rearing of cattle and the making 

 of cheese and butter, are the chief occupations of the population ; tho 

 annual value of the cheese made in the department is estimated at 

 1,650,000 francs, of the butter at 260,000 francs. The cheese is of good 

 quality, and resembles Gruyere. Of manufacturing industry, properly 

 so called, the products furnished by the department are watch and 

 clock movements, cotton and woollen cloths, cotton yarn, hosiery, 

 paper, glass, glue, leather, beer, hammered iron, steel, iron-wire, files, 

 scythes, and other agricultural implements. A good deal of kirsch- 

 wasser and extract of wormwood is made. The commerce, a large 

 proportion of which is carried on with Switzerland, consists in tho 

 articles named, and in hides, cattle, timber, deals, oak staves, tin and 

 iron-ware, 4c. There are 433 corn and other mills in the depart- 

 ment, most of which ore worked by water power ; 35 iron-foundries 

 and smelting furnaces, and 156 factories of different kinds. Fairs to 

 the number of 270 are held yearly. Roadway accommodation to the 

 extent of 310 miles is afforded by 5 royal and 21 departmental roads. 

 The department has as yet no railroads, but the electro-telegraphic 

 wires connecting Paris with Lausanne and the chief towns of 

 Switzerland, are hud down through Besancpn and Portarli. r. 



Tho department takes its name from the river Dimbi, which 

 traverses it twice throughout its entire length. This river rises at 

 the foot of Mont Rixon, in the south-east of the department, and 

 runs in a north-east direction for about 70 miles. For 10 miles of 

 this distance below Chaux-de-Fonds the river forms the eastern 

 boundary of France; then entering the Swiss canton of Neu; 

 it runs about 8 miles to the east of north-east striking against Mont- 

 Terrible, the highest part of the chain that connects the Vosges 

 and the Jura Mountains, it glanoss off to westwards for about 

 16 miles as far as St.-Hippolyte, where it receives the Dessoubre on 

 the left bank, and takes a northern direction to within 4 miles of 

 Montbelliard. From this point the river making a rapid 

 sweep, first to the east and then to the north-west, finally flows 

 south-west, passing Clerval, Baumc-lex-lJamea, and Bosonc" 11 ; n !' 

 miles below this last town it enters the department of Jura, wh ] 

 it receives the Louts on its left bank, and taking a more southerly 

 course, reaches the department of SoOne-et-Loire, in which it joins 



