r*i 



DOUOLAa 



novEU. 



-n 



Deemster (which hold* iU sessions at Castletown), in 1851, the 

 government of the town of Douglas i* vested in the hands of nine 

 commissioners, with power to levy rate* for sewerage, watching, 

 lighting, Ac. 



In the neighbourhood of Douglas are remain* of nunnery erected 

 by St. Bridget in the early part of the 6th century. In BraJdan 

 churchyard are some very ancient stone*, the inscription on one of 

 whi.-h i* in runic character*, and very perfect; other* are of a rude 

 description. 



(Townley, Journal in Ike J tit of Man ; Parliamentary Paperi; 

 Communication from JDouglat.) 



DOUGLAS. [LAHARKSBIRK.] 



DOULLENa [SoMMj, dep.] 



DOUNE. [PERTHSHIRE.] 



DOUR. [HAISAOLT.] 



DOURO (in rortugiie*e), DUERO (in Spaniih), are the name* of 

 one of the largest riven of Spain and Portugal. The Duero rise* in 

 the province of Caitilla la Vieja, about 30 mile* W.N.W. from the 

 town of Soria. IU course to Soria U very irregular, along the slopes 

 of a aerie* of bleak ridge* which extend north-westward* from the 

 great mountain man of the Moncayo. From Soria to the village of 

 Almarail, where it receive* the Rituerto, it flows southward. Its 

 course i* afterward* to the west through the central part* of CaitUla 

 la Vii-ja and Leon, during which it receives the Ucero, the Pisnerga, 

 the Rio Seco, the Esla, and other large affluents, besides numerous 

 mailer ones. _Soon after receiving the Esla it turns to the south, and 

 flows in that direction about sixty miles, forming the boundary between 

 Spain and Portugal, till it meet* the Agueda. In this part of it* course 

 it receive* the Torme* and other tributaries. After it* junction with 

 the Agueda it enters Portugal, take* the name of the Douro, and 

 flowing aero** the country in a western direction enters the sea below 

 Oporto. During it* course through Portugal it receives the Sabor, 

 the Tun, the Corga, the Tamega, and other rivers, on the north bank ; 

 .iii.l the Coa, the Tavora, and Pavio, on the south bank. 'It divide* 

 the province of Beira on the south from the provinces of Tras oa 

 Monte* and Entre Douro e Minho on the north. The entire length 

 of the river is about 500 miles. The bridges which cross it amount 

 to about 20, of which about 16 are of (tone. 



The navigation of the Douro extends from Oporto to Sao Joao de 

 Pesquein, a little below the mouth of the Sabor. During heavy rains, 

 or when the snow i* melting on the mountain*, and especially when 

 the rain* and melting snow act in combination, the river becomes very 

 deep, and the current extremely rapid. It sometimes rise* to such a 

 height as to inundate the whole of the lower part of Oporto, rushing 

 over the bar at the mouth of the harbour with a roaring noise, and 

 occasionally forcing the vessel* out to sea, no cable and anchor being 

 then strong enough to hold them. The vessels however are usually 

 secured by a strong boom, one end of which is made fast on board 

 and the other end on the shore. The navigation of the river is 

 generally difficult, and when full is very dangerous, not only from the 

 rapidity of the current, but from the msaoo* of broken rock* which 

 in some plices obstruct the bed of the river. The wine-boat* which 

 navigate the Douro are flat-bottomed ; the largest will contain about 



70 pipes, the smallest about SO pipes. By these boats the whole of 

 the wine of the Upper Douro is conveyed to Oporto, where it is 

 stored for exportation, chiefly to England. 



DOVEDALE. [DERBYSHIRE] 



DOVER, Kent, one of the Cinque Ports, a borough, sea-port, and 

 market-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in 61 6' 

 N. lat., 1 18' E. long. ; distant 16 miles S.E. by S. from Canterbury, 



71 miles E.S.E. from London by road, and 88 mile* by the South- 

 Kantorn railway. The population of the borough in 1851 was 22,244. 

 The borough i* governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of 

 whom U mayor, and return* two members to the Imperial Parliament. 

 The living* are in the archdeaconry and diocese of Canterbury. Dover 

 Poor-Law Union contain* 23 parishes and townships, with an ares, of 

 27,008 acre*, and a population in 1851 of 27,044. 



Dover is situated on the coast, at the opening of a deep valley 

 formed by a depression in the chalk hills, which hero present a traus- 

 Yerse section to the sea. Thi* depression, which runs into the interior 

 for several miles, forms the basin of a small stream called the Dour. 

 Hie sit* of Dover being the nearest point of communication with the 

 continent, it was at an early period of British history an im|xirtant 

 place. At or near this point Julius Caesar made his firet attempt to 

 land on the British shores, when the height of the cliffs, an,l the 

 warlike appearance of the natives collected upon them, warned him 

 to seek a more aconsil,!. landing-place. In the time of Edward the 

 Confessor Dover was made one of the five ports appointed to be 

 maintained for th* spcciaJ defence of the coast, and called from their 

 number ' The Cinque Port*. 1 William the Conqueror met with oppo- 

 sition at Dover, which he remembered and revenged ; but he did not 

 on that account overlook the importance of the station, or neglect to 

 strengthen the defences and restore the town. Subsequent sovereigns 

 and governments have paid due attention to the fortifications at 

 Dover, which from it* position was at an early date regarded as ' the 

 key of the kingdom.' In Dover King John submitted to the pope, 

 and surrendered his kingdom to the papal nuncio. In 1205 a French 

 fleet attacked and plundered the town; the inhabitants however 



procuring aid from the surrounding country returned with a large 

 force and drove the Frenchmen to their ships with considerable loss. 

 A few years subsequently to this afiair the French again attacked and 

 burnt the town. The castle has beau frequently besieged : on one 

 occasion Hubert de Burgh, appointed constable of Dover Castle by 

 King John, gallantly maintained his position here against the deter- 

 mined attacks of Louis, the dauphin of France, who after returning a 

 third time to the siege was compelled to abandon the attempt, on 

 which he had spent several months. De Burgh then collecting the 

 navy of the Cinque Port*, of which he was warden, attacked with 

 40 vessels a French fleet of more than double his force, and took or 

 destroyed all but about 15 vessel*. This event put an end to the 

 hopes of the dauphin, who soon after retired from Britain. 



In the war between the crown and the Parliament Dover Castle, 

 which was in the hands of the Royalist*, was suddenly seated for the 

 opposite party by a few determined men of Dover, headed by a 

 merchant of the town, who in the silence and darkness of midnight 

 scaled the walls, and overcoming the surprised sentinel* opened the 

 gates to a party of their adherent*, before whom the garrison, unaware 

 of the small ness of the assailing force, paocipitately fled. In 171."', 

 when a visit from the Pretender was looked for, the military works 

 were considerably extended. Half a century later, wln-u ]{.>uaparte 

 threatened an invasion of England, the military works of Dover Castle 

 were after careful survey remodelled and enlarged, and considerable 

 additions made to the fortifications. The solid rock was excavated 

 for the construction of barracks, and accommodation was provided 

 for a garrison of from 3000 to 4000 men. On the other side of the 

 town the Heights were also fortified ; and on the hill above the town 

 barracks were erected. A passage to these barracks was constructed 

 in a perpendicular shaft with three flights of stairs, each of 140 steps. 

 From the hill at the top of this Grand Shaft, as it U called, an 

 excellent view of the town and the channel is obtained. Extensive 

 batteries of great strength are erected here, which are not however 

 mounted with cannon. Indeed as they have happily not been 

 required the works have never been fully completed. 



The town of Dover i* not in itself very attractive. The principal 

 street is about a mile in length, running in the direction of the 

 volley. Many showy houses for sea-bathing and other visitors have 

 been built of late year* ; there are also some handsome shop* and 

 substantial public offices. The station of the South-Eastern railway 

 is a building of some importance ; and there is an hotel on a very large 

 scale. Of seven churches once possessed by the town only two 

 remain. St. Mary's church ha* a Norman tower. The edifice was 

 restored some years back. St. James's church has also some Norman 

 features. Two churches have been erected within the last few years. 

 Christehurch, in the parish of Hougham, i* within the town of Dover. 

 The Baptist*, Independents, Quakers, Methodists, and Roman Catholics 

 have places of worship here. There are National and Free schools, a 

 dispensary and an hospital in conjunction with it, a proprietary 

 library, and a savings bank. A county court is held in the town. 

 Wednesday and Saturday are the market-days : fairs are held in 

 November. Some paper-mills and corn-mills are in the neighbourhood. 



Dover U the principal station and the seat of government of the 

 Cinque Port* ; the other cinque port towns being Hastings, Sandwich, 

 Hythe, and Romney. Various changes have taken place in tint 

 circumstances, and even, from the continued contest between sea 

 and shore, in the physical feature* of some of these ports. Other 

 towns and ports have been added to the original confederation undi r 

 the title of members. The chief object for which the Cinque Ports 

 were constituted into a distinct jurisdiction and endowed with peculiar 

 privileges ha* been for two centuries superseded by the establwlminit 

 of the naval force of this country ; and most of the ancient privilege* 

 of the ports have been abrogated by the operation of the Municipal 

 Corporations Reform Act. Still Dover from it* position in r. 

 to the Continent must always be regarded as an important point <>n 

 the British shore*. The warden of the Cinque Ports is constable of 

 the castle of Dover. 



.The shipping trade of Dover is not very extensive, the harbour 

 being constantly liable to be filled up by the influx of san. 

 shingle. Ship-building, sail-making, rope-making, and other trades 

 dependent on the shipping are carried on to some extent The vessel* 

 registered as belonging to the port on 31st December 1852 were: 

 Under 60 ton* 51, tonnage 1421; above 60 tons 22, tonnage 2498; and 

 2 steam vessels, tonnage 106. 



The vessels entered and cleared at the port of Dover during 1852 

 were as follows : Coasting trade, inward* 407, tonnage 33,088 ; out- 

 wards 129, tonnage 6704 : colonial trade, inwards 10, tonnage 1141 : 

 foreign trade, inwards 78, tonnage 6898 ; outwards 59, tonnage 3410 : 

 steam vessel*, inwards 16, tonnage 2082. A* Dover i* the principal 

 pilot station of the Cinque Port*, there are 66 pilots stationed here 

 for the Channel service. 



Many endeavours have been made at various periods and at enormous 

 cost to improve Dover Harbour; but these efforts have been to a great 

 extent rendered ineffective in consequence of the continual accumu- 

 lation of sand and shingle. The authorities however continue to use 

 mean* to keep the harbour as clear as possible, and to maintain the 

 depth of water requisite for the packet service. 



Dover Harbour ho* peculiar importance also from the operations 



