829 



DUMFRIESSHIRE. 



DUNBAR. 



an eminence near the tpwu is a monument to the late Sir John 

 Malcolm, who was also a native of Eskdale. In the vicinity are 

 Langholm Lodge, a seat of the Duke of Buccleuch, and Broomholm, 

 the property of Mr. Maxwell 



Lockerbie, population 1 569, is a neat and well-built market-town in 

 the parish of Dryfeadale, situated between the- rivers Annan and 

 Milk, 12 miles E. from Dumfries. The parish church, the Free 

 church, a chapel for United Presbyterians, two libraries, a public 

 reading-room, the parochial school, and some other schools are in the 

 town. Thursday is the market-day. The town has been long cele- 

 brated for its lamb and wool markets. The winter weekly markets 

 are principally for pork. In the parish are the remains of eight 

 Roman and British encampments. Armour and weapons have been 

 found in the parish ; and of the great Roman road from England 

 which traversed this county and Ayrshire, there are distinct 

 traces. 



Moffat, population 1491, in the parish of Moffat, is situated near 

 the river Annan, 20 miles N. by E. from Dumfries. It is protected 

 on the north-east by a noble screen of lofty mountains. Mofiat is 

 much resorted to for its mineral springs. Here are baths, assembly- 

 rooms, a Parish church, a Free church, a chapel for United Presby- 

 terians, and subscription and circulating libraries. A weekly market is 

 i Friday. In the vicinity are the old caves at Newton, Earl 

 ph's tower, Craigiu Wood, Bellcraig Rock and Linn, and the 

 well-known fall called the Gray Mare's Tail. Since the opening of 

 edonian railway, visiters to Moffat have increased, and the 

 town is being proportionately enlarged. 



The following villages may also be mentioned : 



2>untcore, about 9 miles N.W. from Dumfries : population of the 

 parish 1578. In the parish are the remains of a circular encamp- 

 ment, and the ruins of the old towers of Lag, of Bogrie, and 

 SuudaywelL Duriideer, population of the parish 1795, only claims 

 notice as containing the magnificent residence of the Duke of Buccleuch, 

 Drumlanrig Castle, surrounded by a very beautiful demesne. Eccle- 

 fecftan, population of the parish of Hoddam 1797, a neat village on 

 the Glasgow and London road, at which a market is held every 

 month on a Friday, and a pork market weekly during winter. There 

 is here a large and beautiful bridge over the Annan. The Caledonian 

 railway has a station here. The manufacture of ginghams is the 

 principal employment of the inhabitants. The parish church is a 

 mile from the village, where there are a Free church and a chapel for 

 United Presbyterians. Graitney, or Oretna Green, population of the 

 parish 1330, formerly a burgh of barony, now a small village, long 

 celebrated for the clandestine marriages of fugitive lovers, is situated 

 about 9 miles N. from Carlisle, within a mile of the English border ; 

 on which border also it Sol way Moss, remarkable for a battle in the 

 time of Henry VIII. a village in Glencairu parish, about 



15 iiiilus N.\V. from Dumfries. The houses are neat and substantial; 

 but there is neither trade nor manufacture. The parish, which in 

 1851 contained 1980 inhabitants, has a Free church, a chapel for 

 United Presbyterians, three parochial schools, and three subscription 

 libraries. In the village is a stone cross, dated 1638. 



Bittory, Antir/uitirs, &c. The Selgovte were the most ancient 

 inhabitants of this county. In the time of the Romans, Dumfries- 

 shire formed a part of the province of Valentia. [BRITANNIA.] In 

 the 8th century it was under the dominion of the Picts, who dis- 

 membered Galloway and Dumfriesshire from the Northumbrian 

 monarchy. Until the reign of James IV. this county was much 

 harassed by the feuds of rival chieftains, and from its proximity to 

 the borders it was also liable to the incursions of the English and to 

 frequent predatory warfare. At a later period the contraband trade 

 with the Isle of Man prevailed to a great extent, and the borders 

 were for a considerable time infested with daring bands of smugglers. 

 In the rebellions of 1715 and 1745, but particularly in the latter, 

 the country districts endured various outrages, and the county town 

 sustained great damage. 



The remains of what are called Druidical temples exist in the 

 parishes of Holywood, Gretna, Eskdalemuir, and Wamphray. Near 

 Moffat are vestiges of a British encampment ; and in Eskdalemuir 

 pariith of two stone circles. Two Roman roads passed through the 

 county. Several fortifications, both circular and square, and some 

 large Roman encampments, can be distinctly traced in various parts. 

 There are ruins of many old towers, vestiges of forts, and a great 

 number of cairns in different places. At Dryfesdale is a very entire 

 Brituth fort, and at Burnswark-hill, near Ecclefechan, are very distinct 

 remains of Roman encampments. There are also many moats or 

 artificial mounts : of these Rockhall moat, mear Lochmaben, is one 

 of the largest and finest. Among the antiquities, the cross of Mark- 

 land, which is an octagon of solid stone, and a very curious ancient 

 obelisk, supposed to be of Anglo-Saxon origin, found in the church- 

 yard of Ruth well, are deserving of notice. The obelisk is ornamented 

 with figures in relievo descriptive of sacred history, and inscribed 

 partly with Runic and partly with Roman characters. The ancient 

 buildings most worthy of notice are Caerlaverock Castle, on the coast 

 of the Solway Frith : Torthorwald Castle, said to have been erected 

 800 years ago, and of which the walls are still standing : Closeburn 

 Castle, also of great antiquity, but still occupied as a residence : 

 Morton Castle, one of the finest ruins in this part of the country and 



most romantically situated; and Sanquhar Castle. The ruins of 

 Langholm Castle, formerly a square tower belonging to the Armstrongs, 

 are situated near the town of Langholm. In the same locality are 

 traces of the fosse and outworks of Wauchope Castle. Other remains 

 exist in different parts of the county. 



Industry, <kc. Agriculture ami the rearing of cattle and sheep are 

 almost the only occupations of the rural inhabitants of Dumfriesshire. 

 Trade in coals, timber, &c., is confined to the towns and a few of the 

 villages on the coast, from which also are exported the staple pro- 

 ductions of the county. [ANNAN ; DUMFRIES.] In 1851 there was 

 one savings bank in the county, at Thoruhill ; the amount owing to 

 depositors on November 20th 1851 was 8653Z. 3s. 6d. 



DUN-LE-ROI. [CHER.] 



D(JNA(DA-UGAVA; ZAPADULA), a considerable river in Western 

 Russia, rises from several springs not far from the source of the Volga, 

 which flow out of marshy ground in the neighbourhood of the Vol- 

 konsky forest, near the south-western confines of the government of 

 Tver. It winds in a west-south-westerly direction, nearly parallel with 

 the Dnieper, until it has passed Vitebsk, having become navigable for 

 flat-bottomed craft at Valisch or Velige, above Vitebsk. Thence it 

 turns to the north-west, and near Dunaburg flows almost due north 

 for several miles, and then resumes its west-north-west course to 

 Dunamunde, where it falls into the Gulf of Riga, or Gulf of Livonia, 

 in 57 N. lat. From the town of Disna in 55 27' N. lat., 28 3' 

 E. long., where the river a little below its junction with the river 

 Disna begins to take a north-westerly course, it separates the govern- 

 ments of Vitebsk and Livonia, which lie on its right bank, from those 

 of Minsk and Kourlaud, which lie on the left bank. The entire course 

 of the Diina, inclusive of its windings, is about 655 miles ; its length, 

 in a straight line from the source to the mouth, is about 325 miles. 

 The fall of its waters is in the upper part of its course 1 foot iu 

 every 2000 fathoms ; and in its passage through the lower part, where 

 the land is more level, 6 inches in every 2000 fathoms, its average 

 fall being 6 inches in every 4 versts (about 2| miles). The navigable 

 portion of the Diina, namely, from Velige to Dunamunde, is about 

 405 miles in length ; but the navigation, owing to the variableness 

 of its depth (which ranges from 2 to 4 fathoms), to its shallows, and 

 to a stratum of rock which runs across its bed just above Riga, and 

 the sandbanks at its mouth (on which there is a depth varying from 

 12 to 15 feet), is extremely difficult and even dangerous for vessels of 

 any size, except during the floods of spring and autumn. Its course 

 above Riga indeed is not ordinarily practicable for any but the flat- 

 bottomed craft called Struseu. At Riga its breadth is about 2400 

 feet. In the spring the surface is covered with rafts, logs, and planks, 

 which are floated down from the forests of the provinces which it 

 panes through. It contains several islands and abounds in fish. The 

 tributaries of the Diiua greatly augment its waters, though they are 

 not of any great length : the chief of these are the Toroptsa, which 

 is navigable from Toropecz to its mouth, a distance of about 60 miles ; 

 the Ulla, which flows out of lake Beloye, and is navigable for about 

 56 miles; the Kasplia, which is navigable from Poritsch, about 110 

 miles from its mouth ; the Ewst, Meshna, and Disna, the last of which 

 rises in the government of Vilna ; and the Bolder-Aa, which flows 

 past Mittau, then skirts the southern shore of the Gulf of Riga, and 

 ultimately falls into the Diina just above its mouth. The Narofna, 

 which joins the Diina on its right bank, can be regarded only as an 

 outlet for lake Peipus, and is from 37 to 42 miles in length. The 

 river is connected by canals with Lake Ilmen, the Beresina, and the 

 Niemen. The basin of the Diina comprehends an area of about 

 28,350 square miles. By the Beresinski Canal, which unites the Ulla 

 with the Sergatcha, the Diina is connected with the Dnieper, and the 

 Baltic with the Black Sea. 



DONABURG, the chief town of a circle in the north-western part 



N. lat., 26 24' E. long., and has 6300 inhabitants. It was founded 

 in 1277 by the Knights of the Sword, and while attached to the 

 Polish crown was the residence of a bishop, voyvode, and castellan. 

 At the present day it has become of great military importance from 

 the strength which has been given to its fortifications. Dunaburg 

 contains a Greek and two Roman Catholic churches, a synagogue, 

 and a college which formerly belonged to the Jesuits. It has 

 three fairs in the course of the year, and carries ou considerable 

 trade. 



DUNBAR, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, a royal burgh, market-town, 

 and sea-port, is situated at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, on the 

 north-eastern coast of the county, in 56 0' N. lat., 2 30' W. long. ; 

 distant 29 miles E. from Edinburgh. The population of the parlia- 

 mentary borough in 1851 was 3038. It is governed by a provost, 

 3 bailies, a treasurer, and 15 councillors; and unites with Hadding- 

 ton, North Berwick, Jedburgh, and Lauder in returning one member 

 to the Imperial Parliament. 



Dunbar is a very fine old town ; the principal street and the smaller 

 streets leading from it are broad and well paved. The town is lighted 

 with gas ; it is well drained naturally, and is clean and healthy. The 

 parish church is a handsome gothic building with a stately tower. It 

 contains a fine marble monument to the Earl of Dunbar, High 



