DUNGANXON. 



DUNMANWAY. 



831 



meeting-house, built for the celebrated minister Ralph Erskine, is a 

 conspicuous object in approaching the town. In addition to the parish 

 church and two chapels of ease there are three Free Church places of 

 worship, three chapels for United Presbyterians, an Episcopal chapel, 

 and several other places of worship. Several schools in the burgh 

 are partially endowed. There are in the town a public library, a 

 mechanics library, a savings bank, and some charitable foundations. 

 A weekly corn-market is held on Tuesday. 



The staple manufacture of Dunfermline is that of table linens. 

 This trade originated upwards of a century ago in the making of ticks 

 and checks. Dye-works and tanning and currying works employ some 

 inhabitants of the burgh. Several spinning factories, chiefly for 

 making linen-yarn ; rope-works, tile-works, and breweries, also afford 

 employment. The Stirling and Dunfermline railway unites this 

 town with Stirling, and by junction with the Scottish Central railway 

 it connects it with the west and south of Scotland. The same Hue 

 communicates with the Edinburgh Perth and Dundee railway. 

 Charlatmcn and Limekilns are two small ports iu the parish principally 

 for shipping its mineral productions. 



Dunfermline is a place of great antiquity. It was the residence of 

 King Malcolm Canmore, the vestiges of whose comparatively rude 

 castle still exist on a small hill in a ravine near the burgh. In a 

 romantic situation in the neighbourhood are the few remains of the 

 once royal palace, a building of great extent and grandeur, and a 

 favourite residence of the kings of Scotland. Charles I. was born here, 

 and Charles II. inhabited it temporarily in 1640. It is said that 

 besides Malcolm III. and his queen St. Margaret, their descendants 

 till the days of Bruce, and some noble collateral connections, are 

 buried in Dunfermline Abbey. The tombstone of St. Margaret is 

 still pointed out. By far the most interesting tomb is that of Robert 

 the Bruce, discovered in clearing away the ruins of the choir for the 

 new church. The skeleton of the king was disinterred in 1818 and a 

 cast talten of the cranium. The abbey of Dunfermline was the most 

 eminent in Scotland ; it wai very richly endowed, having the patron- 

 age of no less than 37 livings, with their tithes, and many properties 

 throughout the kingdom, and was also possessed of peculiar and 

 extensive feudal privileges. The fratery, or refectory, with its fine 

 gothic windows, still indicates the grandeur of the original buildings. 



Dunfermline was burned by both Edward I. and Richard II. David 

 II. was born at Dunfermline. The Confession of Faith of 1581 was 

 subscribed here by James VI. The town was made a royal burgh by 

 this monarch, who frequently resided in the palace. In 1638, 1643, 

 and 1650 the various solemn leagues and covenants were subscribed at 

 Dunfermline ; and iu 1651 Cromwell's soldiers plundered the place, 

 after defeating the king's troops_ in the battle of Fife. 



(New Statistical Account of Scotland; Grose, Ant iq utiiei of Scotland ; 

 Tytli-r, History of Scotland.) 



DUNGANNON, county of Tyrone, Ireland, a parliamentary 

 borough and market-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is 

 situated in 54 32' N. lat., 6 47' W. long.; distant 85 miles N.N.W. 

 from Dublin, and 20 miles N.W. by W. from Omagh. The population 

 in 1851 was 3835. Dungannon returns one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. Dungannon Poor-Law Union comprises 19 electoral 

 divisions, with an area of 102,440 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 54,220. 



The town is beautifully situated on the slope of a hill, in the midst 

 of a fertile district, and is sheltered on ttic west by a lofty and 

 extensive range of hills. The streets are well built, and the town is 

 lighted with gas and paved. Dungannon was formerly the site of a 

 very ancient castle, which was destroyed by the Parliamentary forces 

 in 1641. A small Franciscan monastery was erected here in the reign 

 of Henry VII. Besides the parish church there are a Roman Catholic, 

 a Presbyterian, and two Wesleyan Methodist chapels, an Endowed 

 school, a school supported by the Earl and Countess of Ranfurley, a 

 savings bank, and a fever hospital. Among the public buildings are 

 a court-house, a district bridewell, and a market-house. The principal 

 manufactures are of linen and coarse earthenware ; there is some 

 trade in grain, flour, flax, and coal. The market is held on Thursday, 

 a corn-market on Monday and Thursday, and a fair is held on the first 

 Thursday of every month. 



(Frascr, Handbook of Ireland ; Thorn, Irish Almanac.) 



DUNQARVAN, county of Waterford, Ireland, a parliamentary 

 borough, a market and sea-port town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, is situated in 52 5' N. lat., 7 37' W. long. ; distant 24 miles 

 S.W. by W. from Waterford, and 128 miles S.S.W. from Dublin. The 

 population in 1851 was 6849. The borough returns one member to 

 the Imperial Parliament. Dungarvan Poor-Law Union comprises 18 

 electoral divisions, with an area of 94,046 acres, and a population in 

 1851 of 31,207. 



The castle of Dungarvan, which stands in the centre of the town, 

 was built by King John : it is now used for military purposes. The 

 town is situated on the Bay of Dungarvan, on the point of land 

 formed by the union of the rivers Brisky and Calligau, which here 

 fall intr the sea. A new street and a handsome square were a few 

 years back built by the Duke of Devonshire, who also erected a bridge 

 across the river Calligan, consisting of a single arch 75 feet in span. 

 The church, which is modern, is situated on the shore. A Roman 

 Catholic chapel has been erected ou the site of an old monastery, 



ooo. DIV. VOL. n. 



some remains of which still exist. There are also a second Roman 

 Catholic chapel, a convent, a sessions-house, a school-house, a district 

 bridewell, a market-house, a fever hospital, a union workhouse, and 

 the old castle, which is used as a barracks. The town is mainly sup- 

 ported by the summer visiters, and by the herring and hake fisheries. 

 There is some trade in exporting corn and butter and other farm 

 produce. A market is held on Saturday : fairs are held in February, 

 June, August, and November, as well as on the second Wednesday in 

 every month. 



(Fraser, Handbook of Ireland ; Thorn, Irish Almanac.) 



DUNGIVEN. [LONDONDERRY.] 



DUNKELD. [PERTHSHIRE.] 



DUNKERQUE (Duyn Kerclte, Dunkirk), a sea-port and fortified 

 town in France, capital of the third arrondissement iu the depart- 

 ment of Nord, stands on the eastern shore of the Strait of Dover, at 

 the junction of the canals of Bergues, Bourbourg, and Furnes, in 

 51 2' 11" N. lat., 2 22' 46" E. long., 174 miles iu a straight line 

 N. by E. from Paris, 50 miles by railway through Hazebrouck N.N.W. 

 from Lille, and has 26,886 inhabitants in the commune. It is said to 

 owe its origin to a chapel founded here by St. Eloi, which from its 

 situation among the sandy downs of the coast got the name of Duyn 

 Kerche, which in Flemish means ' the church of the downs.' In the 

 10th century it was raised by Baudouin III., count of Flanders, from 

 a mere village to the rank of a town. Charles V., to whom the town 

 had come by inheritance along with the rest of Flanders, built a castlo 

 to defend the port, which has since been demolished. In 1558 the 

 English, who had rendered themselves masters of the town, were 

 driven from it by the French ; and in the following year it was given 

 up to the Spaniards. In 1646 it was taken from the Spaniards by 

 the French under the Duke of Enghieu (afterwards the Great Condd) ; 

 but it fell again shortly afterwards into the hands of the Spaniards. 

 Iu 1658 Tureune, having defeated the Spaniards, took Dunkerque, 

 which, according to a treaty previously concluded with Cromwell, was 

 put into the hands of the English : four years afterwards Charles II. 

 restored it to France on condition of receiving for it a considerable 

 sum of money. Louis XIV. by the fortifications he erected enabled 

 the town to repel an attempt made by the English to bombard it in 

 1695. By the peace of Utrecht the fortifications were razed and the 

 port filled up. At the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle the port and fortifi- 

 cations, which had been partially restored in the previous war, were 

 again demolished ; but by the peace of 1783 they were allowed to be 

 restored. In 1793 the town was besieged by the allies under the 

 Duke of York ; but the French obliged the besiegers to retire with 

 great loss. 



Dunkerque is nearly three miles iu circuit. The streets are broad 

 and well paved ; the houses are well built of brick. The public 

 squares are spacious, handsome, and regular. The principal of theso 

 are the Champ-de-Mars and the Place Jean Bart, which is planted with 

 trees and ornamented with a statue of Jean Bart, a distinguished French 

 naval hero and a native of Dunkerque. The fortifications consist of 

 the ramparts, which are surrounded by ditches, of Fort Louis, and the 

 citadel. The principal buildings are the church of St. -Eloi, which 

 though a gothic structure has a handsome Corinthian portico ; the 

 detached belfry in front of this church ; the town-hall ; the barracks 

 and naval storehouses ; the tower of the port, on which there is a 

 lighthouse ; the college, theatre, and concert rooms. The only supply 

 of water is from cisterns. The market is abundantly supplied with 

 poultry, vegetables, and other kinds of provisions. The. immediate 

 neighbourhood is dreary and uninteresting. 



The inhabitants are engaged in the manufacture of soap, starch, 

 beer, beet-root sugar, cordage, and leather : there are metal foundries, 

 gin distilleries, salt-works, and ship-building yards. As this port 

 serves as the outlet for the great manufacturing department of Word 

 the trade by sea is very considerable. The harbour, which is chiefly 

 artificial, is rather shallow and of difficult entrance ; but the roadstead 

 is large and safe. The cod and herring fisheries are prosecuted with 

 great activity ; and the town has a considerable trade in Bordeaux 

 wines aud brandies, which has greatly increased since Dunkerque was 

 made a free port in 1826. 



Dunkerque has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a 

 chamber of commerce, a custom-house, a public library of 18,000 

 volumes, an exchange, a college, a school of navigation, aud two 

 hospitals. Foreigu consuls reside at Dunkerque. The town is con- 

 nected by railways with all the great commercial centres of Franco 

 and Belgium. 



DUNLAVIN. [WICKLOW.] 



DUNLEER. [LouTH.] 



DUNMANWAY, Cork, Ireland, a market-town and the seat of a 

 Poor-Law Union, is beautifully situated on the i-iver Bandon near its 

 head, in 51 43' N. lat., 9 5' W. long., distaut 33 miles W.S.W. from 

 Cork, 1 90 miles S.W. from Dublin. The population in 1851 was 2222. 

 Dunnmnway Poor-Law Union comprises 15 electoral divisions, with an 

 area of 103,917 acres, and a population in 1851 of 20,517. 



The town is situated on level ground almost entirely surrounded 

 by loi'ty aud rugged hills. The greater part of the town was built by 

 Sir Richard Fox, who also obtained for it a charter a* a market-town. 

 There are two churches for Episcopalians, a Roman Catholic and a 

 Wesleyan Methodist chapel, and a district bridewell. A Charter 



3 H 



