DURHAM, 



DURHAM. 



Ml 



enduring a strong heat 'ftnetone,' i* quarried at High Heworth. 

 BweortA, on the left bank of the Tees, 3 miles &8.E. from 

 Darlington, population of the township 1164, i* situated on elevated 

 ground, and command* an extensive prospect along the valley of the 

 Tee*. Betide* the parish church there are place* of worship for 

 Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist* and Independents : there are also 

 National schools and a, school supported by the Primitive Methodist*. 

 JemMs, or Yamm, i* between Newcastle and South Shield*; the 

 church i* 8 mile* from Newcastle, and 9) miles from Shields ; but 

 when the tide i* out a mile may be saved between Jarrow and Shields 

 by crowing the -Slake, 1 a reoees in the right bank of the Tyne, which 

 i* dry at low water : the population of the joint township of Hed- 

 worth, Monkton, and Jarrow U 3885. Jarrow was the seat of a 

 monastery established in 681 by Benedict, a noble Saxon, who had 

 previously founded the monastery of Monk Wearmouth. Jarrow 

 derives it* chief interest from it* connection with the venerable Bode, 

 who** birth i* fixed by an ancient and probable tradition at the 

 of Monkton, which nearly adjoins Jarrow. In 870 the 

 wa* burned by the Danes, and after rising from it* ruins 

 wa* again destroyed by William the Conqueror, 1070. Some scattered 

 vestiges of the monastery still remain. The church adjoins the centre 

 of the monastic buildings immediately on the north. The church 

 was in great pert rebuilt in 1783. The tower, which rises from the 

 centre of the church, retains some curious Norman feature*. Roman 

 inscriptions and pavement* have been dug up near Jarrow. There 

 are large coal-works in the vicinity. .Ship-building, tho manufacture of 

 canvass, and paper-making afford employment to many of tho inha- 

 bitant*. There are come alkali works, f-i. John'i Weardnle, although 

 little bettor than a village has a market It is about 27 miles )V. by 

 N. from Durham : population of Forest Quarter, in which the village 

 i* situated, 4868. Lead-mines in the neighbourhood give extensive 

 employment The market is held on Saturday ; and there are fairs 

 in April and September. <}rtat Lumley, population of the township 

 :<bout 5 miles N.N.K. from Durham, is occupied chiefly by persons 

 employed in the collieries. The Wesleyan and New Connexion 

 Methodist* have places of worship. An hospital for twelve poor 

 women wa* founded in 1685 by Sir John Duck. Salmon-fishing is 

 carried on in the river Wear. Middltton-in-Tcadalr, a small market- 

 town on the left bank of the Tee*, about 26 miles S.W. by W. from 

 Durham : population of the township, 1849. The church is a small 

 ancient edifice. The Baptists and the Primitive and Wealeyan 

 Methodists have places of worship, and there i* a Free school The 

 market is held on Saturday, and there are two annual fairs. The 

 proprietors of the lead-mines have established schools and a library. 

 The village is situated among lulls, and extends in a kind of oval 

 form round a spacious green. MitldUton St. Oeorge, a small village 

 6 miles 8.E. from Darlington : population of the parish, 832. Tho 

 village is situated on the left bank of the Tees, and is chiefly 

 dependent on visitors to the neighbouring spa of Dinsdale, for whose 

 accommodation some good dwelling-houses have been built in this 

 village and Middleton-One-Row, a smaller Tillage a little to the west, 

 consisting of a row of respectable bouses. Norton, about a mile N. 

 from Stockton : population of the parish, 1725. This village contains 

 many good residences. The parish church, anciently collegiate, is of 

 mixed styles, and ha* a central tower. The Grammar school has an 

 endowment of about 44f. a year, and had 41 scholars in 1853. Here 

 is also a National school. Painthav, population 2120, situated about 

 9 mile* N. by E. from Durham. In thin 'neighbourhood the Marquis 

 of Londonderry'* extensive collieries are situated, and give employ- 

 ment to a large proportion of tho labouring population. There is also 

 an iron-foundry. Numerous railways intersect each other here. There 

 are here a chapel for Wesleyan Methodist*, and an Endowed school 

 for the children of the colliers. Pehan, population of the township 

 107, about 8 miles N. by W. from Durham, possesses a neat gothio 

 church, erected in 1842 by the neighbouring proprietors of land and the 

 coal-owner*. The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists have place* of 

 wormhip, and there are schools for the children of the coal miners. 

 K<,m, on the right bank of the Tyne, about 8 miles W. from Gates- 

 head : population of the township, 789. The parish church is an 

 JBtaneting old edifice ; it has a tower surmounted with a lofty spire. 

 The Wealeyan Methodist* and Independent* have places of worship, 

 there is a school with a small endowment. Salmon-fishing is 

 earned on in tho Tyne at Ryton. Stolon Cart*, 8 miles S. from 

 Hartlepool : population of the township, 728. Tho village consist* 

 chiefly of neat and commodiou* cottage* for bathing visiter* ; the 

 are "ranged on three sides of a quadrangle. There is here 



f ?* U !!? 1 i i b0oL *" ma V W. froi Durham : popu- 

 latton of the township, 2144. In Old Shildon village are a chapel of 

 ease, a Wealeyan Methodist chapel, and National and British schools 

 there i* also a British school in New Shildon. In the Tlcinity are 

 ever*! iron-foundries, engineering factorie*, and collieries. Skotley 

 Bndft, 14 miles W.N.W. from Durham, on the right bank of the 

 Dei-went, which here separates the counties of Durham and Northum- 

 berland population returned with the parish of Lanchester The 

 Coneett Iron Company's work* about i mile* from Shotley Bridge 

 iron-works at Black Hill, one mile distant, a paper manufactory at 

 Shotley Grove, flour-mill*, saw-mill*, a brewery, and a tobacco-pipe 

 manufactory give employment to a large proportion of the inhabitant* 



In Shotley Bridge U a mechanics institute; petty suasions and a 

 county court are held here. At Black Hill are chapels for Primitive 

 and Wealeyan Methodist*, a National and a Britiah school SvalwtU, 

 a village about 10 mile* N.N.W. from Durham: population of the 

 townahip, 1429. Sir Ambroee Crowley established iron-work* here in 

 1090. There are chapel* for Wealeyan and rrimitire Methodist* and 

 Scotch Presbyterian*, a National school, and a public library. Ton 

 Late, population of the village about 2000, pleasantly situated on high 

 ground, about 10 mile* W. by S. from Durham, ha* riaen within the 

 last ten yean in consequence of the opening of iron-works in tho 

 neighbourhood. The abundance of coal, iron, and limestone in the 

 vicinity, and the convenience of transit by railway, are element* of 

 prosperity to this rapidly rising village. There are chapel* for 

 Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist*. Trimdon, population of the 

 pariah 1598, about 8 miles S.K. from Durham, has much increased of 

 late years from the opening of new collieries. The Wesleyan 

 Methodists have a chapel at New Trimdon. The parish church is 

 situated in Old Trimdon. Wathinyion, 11 mile* N. by K. from 

 Durham, population of the township 1224, is chiefly dependent on the 

 neighbouring collieries. Magnesia and coke are manufactured, and 

 there are saw-mills. The parish church, a handsome edifice, wa* 

 rebuilt in 1832; there is a National school. Wkickhai*, al> 

 miles N.N.W. from Durham, population of the township 910, is 

 agreeably situated near the right bank of the Tyne and on the right 

 bank of the Team. The parish church, which is ancient, ha* been 

 recently repaired; it has a nave, aisles, and chancel, and a square 

 tower with flying buttresses. There are here a Wealeyan chapel and 

 a National school. Coke i* manufactured in the vicinity. H'Aifoarn, 

 about 2 miles N. from Sunderland : population of the parish, 1208. 

 Numerous visitors resort to this place in summer for sea-bathing. 

 Limestone is quarried in the parish, and some coal is raised : fishing 

 is the chief occupation of the inhabitant*. Besides the pariah church 

 there are a Methodist chapel and a parochial school WMaion, 

 population of the township 6627, is a manufacturing village between 

 the Tyne and the Derweut, about 18 miles N.W. by N. from Durham. 

 Sir Ambrose Crowley, an alderman of London, established here about 

 1690 the extensive iron-works which still bear his name. Sir Ambrose 

 established various charities for the benefit of the workmen and their 

 families. These charities however ceased in 181 6. There U here a new 

 church, erected in 1828, and chapels for Wesleyan, Primitive, and 

 New Connexion Methodists and Presbyterians. Willoa-le-H'ear, 12 

 miles S.W. from Durham : population of the parochial chapelry, 918. 

 The village is situated on fining ground on the left bank of the river 

 Wear. Coal is extensively raised, and an iron-foundry employ* a 

 considerable number of workmen. Witton Castle was burnt down 

 several years back, but has been rebuilt ; there are some good man- 

 sions in the neighbourhood. H'olruton, 4 miles N. from Stockton : 

 population of the township, 750. In the neighbourhood of this 

 village is Wynyard Hall, the seat of the Marquis of Londonderry. 

 There are here almahouBes for widows, erected in 1838 by the 

 Marchioness of Londonderry. 



Divitiont for Civil and Ecclesiastical Purpoia. The county of 

 Durham is in the diocese of Durham and in the ecclesiastical province 

 of York. It constitutes an archdeaconry, which is subdivided into the 

 deaneries of Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Kasington, and Stockton. 

 The richer benefices are among the wealthiest in England. Some of 

 the parishes and parochial chapelrie* are of great extent According 

 to the ' Census of Religious Worship,' taken in 1861, it appears that 

 there were then in the county 621 places of worship, of which S51 

 belonged to five sections of Methodists, 149 to the Kstnblislifd Church, 

 25 to In !.-|.. ii.l.'iits, 21 to Baptists, 20 to Roman Catholics, 14 to 

 Presbyterians, 9 to Quakers, and 12 to minor bodies. Tho total 

 number of sittings provided was 171,908. By the Poor-Law Commis- 

 sioners the county is divided into 14 Unions: Auckland, Chester- 

 le-Street, Darlington, Durham, Easington, Qateshead, Houghton-le- 

 Spring, Lanohester, Sedgefield, South Shields, Stockton, .Sunderland, 

 Teesdale, and Weardale. These Unions include 811 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 716,019 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 406,201 ; but the boundaries of the Unions are not strictly co-exten- 

 sive with those of the county. Durham is included in the northern 

 circuit The assizes and the quarter session* are held at Durham, 

 where stand the county jail and the house of correction. 



Before the Reform Act there were four members returned to Parlia- 

 nii-nt from this county, two for the county itself and two for the city 

 of Durham. By the Reform and Boundary Act* the county wa* 

 formed into two divisions, each returning two members, liy the 

 Reform Act two members were given to Sunderland, including part 

 of the parishes of Monk Wearmouth and Bishop Wearmonth ; and 

 one member each to Qateshead (including part of tho chapelry of 

 Heworth in the parochial chapelry of Jarrow) and South Sim-Ms, 

 including the townships of South Shields and Weatoe in the parochial 

 chapelry of Jarrow. 



Jtiitory and Antiquitia. At the time of the Roman invasion the 

 county of Durham was included in the territory of the Brigsntee 

 (Bplfayrti, Ptolenueu*), * powerful tribe who occupied the northern 

 part of the island from the Mersey to the Tyne. 'I'h- Hrigantes 

 were subdued by Cerealis and Agricola, but no incidents have 

 been recorded of their subjugation which are peculiarly connected 



