17 



DttfcHAX. 



DOB8KLDOHF. 



Hecrr HI., tin- IVincea Margaret of England, Charles I., and ninny 

 distingnUhed t>enonagf* hare at various periods been enterUii 

 the bishops of Durbam. The Norman chapel, recently repaired and 

 altered. U the most ancient part of the building. It ooiuisU of a nare 

 and aisles. The whole of the caatle buildings are now in possession 

 of the Unirenity of Durham. 



The church of St. Mary le-Bow, in the North Bailey, in which the 

 visitations of the bishop are held, ooctipiea the site of the oldeit church 

 in Durham. The present building, which consists only of a nave and 

 chancel, waa erected in 1885 ; the tower in 1702. St Mary'i church, 

 in the South Bailey, ia a small ancient edifice. St Oswald's was 

 partly rebuilt dome yean back ; it is of mixed styles ; the tower U of 

 the perpendicular style. St Giles' church is of early date ; its 

 original character baa however be*n considerably changed by repa- 

 rations. The other churches arc St Nicholas's church in the market- 

 place and St Margaret's chapel on Crowgate Hill. The Independents, 

 Quakers, Primitive, Wesleyan, and New Connexion Methodist! and 

 Roman Catholra hare places of worship. A Grammar school con- 

 nected with the cathedral has 4 exhibitions for the sons of clergymen 

 of S5t *eh at the school and 60f. each at either of the universities; 

 18 King's scholarships, worth about 40t per annum each ; with 

 9 scholarships for Cambridge University. The school-house has 

 i rebuilt otitnide the city, with residences for the head master and 

 the seoond master. The number of scholars, including King's scholars, 

 was 106 in 1853. A Diocesan training-school had 23 students in 

 residence in 1868. There are besides a Blue-Coot school, National 

 and Infant schools, a Catholic Free school, a Charity school, a 

 mechanics institute, and an athensonm. The Infirmary via established 

 in 1701 ; the present handsome building was erected in 1849. Durhsm 

 possesses a Barings bank. There are olmshouses for 4 poor men and 

 P oor women, and numerous other benefactions to the poor. 



Durham is lighted with gas, and is well supplied with water ; the 

 (treets are partially pared. A public fountain stands in the centre 

 of the market-place. In the market-place is the guildhall erected by 

 Bishop Tunstall in 1555. The town-hall, a spacious and handsome 

 edifice in the Tudor baronial style, was erected a few yean ago from 

 the designs of Mr. Hardwick. The hall is 70 feet long, 35 feet broad, 

 and 66 feet high, and is finished with very great richness and splendour. 

 There are in Durham a subscription library, a news-room, assembly- 

 rooms, and a theatre. A new jail, county courts, and house of cor- 

 reetion were erected some yean back at a cost of nearly 120,000*. 

 Races are held in May. At the northern extremity of the city is 

 Fram well-gate bridge, erected about the year 1 1 20 liy Bishop Flambard. 

 Eire* bridge was originally built by Bishop Pudsey in 1170; it was 

 oonaideraHy widened and improved some years back. A handsome 

 bridge of three arches, erected at the end of the last century, crosses 

 the rirer at the extremity of the South Bailey. 



Durham possesses manufactories of carpets, wonted stuffs, paper, 

 smd haU ; with tan-works, breweries, and iron and brass foundries. 

 The mustard made at Durbam has acquired a high character in the 

 market The coal-field is extensive, and there are numerous coal- 

 mines near the city. A market for corn and provisions is held on 

 Saturday. Fire fain are held in the year ; that held in March is a 

 celebrated fair for hones. 



The principal station of the Durham branch of tho York and 

 Newcastle railway is in Oileegate ; it is spacious and well arranged. 

 Among old buildings in Durham may be named the Magdalene Chapel 

 in Gilesgate, and the dormitory which belonged to the great monastery 

 of Durham. This dormitory is one of the largest and finest buildings 

 of the kind in England. Beaurepaire, or Bear Park, the summer 

 ntreat of tire priors of Durham, is about two miles north-west from 

 Durham. About three-quarters of a mile from the city is the rite of 

 Maiden Castle, a fortress ascribed to the Romans, as also some 

 remains of the Knnine^treet Saline, chalybeate, and sulphureous 

 springs are found in the neighbourhood. 



Durkam, Unittnity of. A college was founded here by the prior 

 nd conrent of Durham in 1290, which was afterwards enlarged 

 by the liberality of Bishop Bury and Bishop Hatfield. At the disso- 

 aon of monastic houses the endowments of Durham College were 

 to the dean and chapter, in the preamble to whose foundation- 

 tor, granted by Henry VIII. in 1541, the promotion of learning 

 ta particularly _ referred to. Oliver Cromwell instituted a college at 

 nch he endowed from the sequestrated rerenues of the 

 L3T "Ft?' j At thc re(rt< " ti< "> ^ese arrangements were orer- 

 the dean and chapter reoeired again their alienated 

 - _ I M present umvenity owes its existence mainly 



lerenersble Charles Thorp, D.D., archdeacon of Durham, 

 who on h was appointed to the office 



who on the institution of the univ 



Oi WWQtO. M DO University * nnsm. 



" ** **|*cfcjvu'i 1U( nbuiicuui in JJCtoDcr ISilJ 

 ndrr the prorinons of an Act of Parliament obtained by the bishop 

 and dean and chapter in 1 882. In 1 887 a royal charter of i ncon .ratio 



Tl.? ^"1^-^ '^ lnd of ^WS2S 

 nd schoUr. of the Unirersity of Durham.' The charter gave the 

 power of conferring degrees, and confirmed the righto and privileges 

 --sd to it by Art o7p.rlinent, or usually enJ,yM by charter^ 

 juuTenities. The biabop is rWtor ; the dean of Durhn is in future 

 i warden. There are professorships of divinity and ecclesiastical 

 history, Greek and classical literature, and mjthonJiUcj and astronomy, 



with readers in law, Hebrew, history and polite literature, an<l natural 

 philosophy, and a lecturer in chemistry and mineralogy. Of I'niversity 

 College the warden of the university is master. Bishop Hatfield's 

 Hall, instituted in 1846, U for divinity students. It ha* four tutors, 

 one of whom is principal, a censor, and a chaplain. The academical 

 year consists of three terms of not leas than eight weeks each, which 

 an called Michaelmas, Epiphany, and Easter terms. The age of 

 admission to the academical course is from 16 to 21 ; and for the 

 divinity course between 21 and 20 ; beyond this ago students must 

 be admitted by special leave. Care has been taken that the charges 

 for the necessary expenses of students shall be as moderate as is 

 consistent with comfort, and any approach to extravagance is sedulously 

 guarded against 



The diocese of Durham is in the province of York ; it extends over 

 the counties of Durham and Northumberland, and comprises 242 

 benefices. It is dirided into three archdeaconries, Durham, North- 

 umberland, and Lindiafame. The chapter consists of the dean, tho 

 archdeacons, 9 canons, 19 honorary canons, 6 minor canons, a chan- 

 cellor, a sacrist, and a precentor. The income of the bishop is fixed 

 at 80002. a year. 



(Surtecs, Durham ; Hutchinson, Uittory of Durham ; Omsby, 

 Sketcha of Durham ; Communication from Durham.) 



DURLACH, a town in Baden, capital of tho circle of Dnrlu-h In 

 the province of Mittel-Rhein, is situated on the I'finz, at the foot of 

 the Thurmberg, a richly-cultivated hill, about 3 miles K. from 

 Carlsruhe, the road to which is formed by a straight avenue of 

 Lombardy poplars ; in 48 69' N. lat, 8 2i' E. long. ; and has a 

 population of about 5000. Durlach is a station on the Duke of 

 Baden's railway, which runs up the right bank of the Kheiu from 

 Mannheim to Bole. It is an old town, and was long the residence of 

 the margraves of Baden-Durlach, one of whom, Charles William, 

 built Carlsruhe, and removed the seat of government to that spot 

 The palace, called the Carlsburg, and its gardens are the chief 

 attraction of the place. In these gardens are four stone columns 

 once set up on the road through the land of the Decumates, in the 

 reigns of Caracalla, Heliogabolus, and Alexander Screrus, as well as 

 on altar to Hercules, and several stone tablets with Roman inscriptions 

 upon them. The town has a church, a training school, and a town- 

 hall. Trade, agriculture, and horticulture, the manufacture of wine, 

 and mechanical pursuits form the chief occupations of the jiuople. 

 The environs ore covered with orchards. Tobacco and earthenware 

 are manufactured, and the town has one of the most extensive 

 markets for grain in the grand duchy. 

 DURROW. [KILKENNY.] 



DURSLEY, Gloucestershire, a market-town nnd the seat of a 

 Poor-Law Union, is situated at the base of a steep hill, in 51 40' 

 N. lat, 2 20' W. long. ; distant 15 miles S. by W. from Gloucester, 

 and 106 miles from London by road. The population of the town of 

 Dursley in 1851 was 2617. The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry 

 of Gloucester and diocese of Gloucester and Bristol. Dursley Poor- 

 Law Union contains 10 parishes and a chapelry, with an area of 

 26,270 acres, and a population in 1851 of 14,813. 



Dunley consists principally of two streets, which cross each other. 

 The houses arc irregularly built The church is handsome and 

 commodious. The Independents have a place of worship. The 

 market-house is a neat freestone building erected in 1738. The 

 market-day is Thursday; there are two annual fairs. A county 

 court in held in Dursley, and there is a Barings bank. The cloth 

 manufacture is carried on to a considerable extent In the neigh- 

 bourhood is a quarry of tophies, or puff-stone, which being soft is 

 easily worked, but exposure to the air hardens the stone and makes it 

 durable. The walls of Berkeley Castle, which were built of this 

 stone some seren centuries ago, are still in good preservation. 



DCSSELDORF, a government or administrative circle in tho 

 Prussian province of the Rhine, is bounded N. by Hollan.l, I-'.. ly 

 Westphalia, S. by the government of Cologne, and \V. l.y Holland 

 and the government of Aachen. It has an area of 2065 square miles, 

 and had at tho close of 1849 a population of 907,151, among whom 

 about 7500 were Jews, 900 Mennonites, and the rest Catholics and 

 Evangelicals in the ratio of about seren to four. It is the most < 

 densely peopled portion of the Prussian dominions. The Rhine 

 which enters this government near RheinM.l, divides it into two 

 nearly equal portions, and after receiving many small riven quits it 

 near SchcnkcnschanK, where it in 2300 feet in width. During its 

 passage through DUsseldorf it is joined on tho left bonk by the 

 Erft or Erfft, and on the right bank by the Wippcr, Dilhne, 

 Dussel, Schwarzbach, Angcrbocb, Ruhr, Hum-he, and Lippe. Tho 

 northern part of th government is levi-l, aii'l though i; contains, 

 large tracts of sand, it has also a considerable extent of good arable 

 land and pastures. The soil of tho other parts is highly prodoottr* 

 in general, but there are many forests and barren trocU in thc 

 mountainous districts on the right bank of the Rhine, particularly in 

 the circle of Li-nnrp. Tho quantity of arable land in computed at 

 680,000 acres, and of meadows and pastures at 155,000 acres. Tli< r< 

 are extensive maim woollens, silkn, cotton, thread, ! 



steel, iron, ironware and cutlery, tobacco, soap, Ac. Iron, con: 

 potters' clay are among the native products. Grazing and thc rearing 

 of hones and cattle are actively |,:ir,ned. The goteruincul i 



