819 



DtfSSELDORF. 



DYSART. 



850 



traversed by railroads which communicate with the Belgian, Hano- 

 verian, and Prussian lines. The government is divided into thirteen 

 circles, and contains many considerable towns, the inhabitants of which 

 are extensively engaged in manufacturing enterprise. DIJSSELDORF the 

 capital, BARMEX, CLEVES, CBEFELD, DCISBUKG, and ELBERFELD are 

 noticed in separate articles. 



Among the other towns are Eaen, which stands 28 miles by 

 railway N.E. from Diisseldorf, between the Ruhr and the Emsche, in a 

 rich iron and coal district, has four churches, a gymnasium, an 

 hospital, iron blast-furnaces, factories for steam machinery, cast-steel 

 works, smalt-factories, &c., and a population of about 7500. Emmerich, 

 a frontier fortress of Prussia, which is on the right bank of the 

 Rhine, and has 7000 inhabitants ; it stands in the centre of a rich 

 agricultural district, and has a custom-house, four churches, consider- 

 able manufactures of woollens, soap, leather, hats, <tc. Lennep, 



20 miles E. by S. from Dusseldorf, and not far from the left bank of 

 the Wipper, has important cloth factories, and dye-houses, and trades 

 in wines, hats, iron-ware, &c. : population, 4900. Miihlheim, a pretty 

 town on the right bank of the Ruhr, 15 miles N.E. from Dusseldorf, 

 has large silk and cotton-factories, zinc and iron-works, establish- 

 ments for the manufacture of steam machinery, and 9000 inhabitants, 

 who are also largely engaged in the export of coals. Jfeust, a 

 fortress and flourishing manufacturing town, 4 miles S.W. from 

 Dusseldorf, has 3000 inhabitants ; it is said to be the Novesium of the 

 Romans; up to the 13th century the Rhine flowed close past the 

 walls, from which it is now nearly 2 miles distant ; the church of St. 

 Quirinus is the most important building; the manufactures are 

 woollen-cloth, flannel, cotton-cloth and yarn, ribands, hats, starch, 

 vinegar, soap, oil, <tc. ; there is also a good trade in corn, slates, 

 timber, coals, quills, and stone. Novesium was sacked by Attila in 

 A.D. 451 ; in 1254 the town joined the Hanseatic league. Jtontdorf, 

 midway between Elberfeld and Lennep, has 4000 inhabitants, who 

 manufacture cutlery, silk, cotton-cloth, woollen-cloth, and linen. 

 Ruhrort, at UK entrance of the Ruhr into the Rhine, has a large 

 trade in coals, yards for building steam-tugs, cotton-factories, work- 

 shops for the construction of steam and other machinery, and about 

 3500 inhabitants. A railroad 54 miles in length connects Ruhrort 

 with the Oberhausen station on the Cologne-Mindeu railway. 

 [ABEXSBERO.] Solingen, 15 miles S.E. from Dusseldorf, has 6000 

 inhabitants, and is famous for the manufacture of sword-blades, foils, 

 cutlery, and iron-ware. Stcele, or Steyle, situated a short distance 

 E. from Essen on the right bank of the Ruhr, and in the centre of 

 the Westphalian coal-field, has about 2000 inhabitants. A railway 



21 miles in length runs from Steele to the Vohwinkel station on the 

 Diisseldorf-Elberfeld railway. Wad, which stands at the junction of 

 the Lippe with the Rhine, and on the right bank of the latter ; is a 

 fortress of the first class, defended by a citadel on the south side of 

 the town, and connected by a bridge of boats with Fort Uliicher, on 

 the left bank of the Rhine ; the town including the garrison has 

 13,000 inhabitants, who manufacture woollen and cotton-cloths, soap, 

 hats, cordage, leather, tobacco, beer, tus., and carry on a considerable 

 trade with Holland by the Rhine, and with Westphalia by the Lippe, 

 which has been made navigable ; the chief articles of commerce are 

 corn, timber, coals, salt, wine, brandy, and colonial produce; it 

 has a gymnasium, seven churches, a synagogue, a town-house, an 

 arsenal, house of correction, and a number of distilleries. 



DCSSELDORF, the capital formerly of the duchy of Berg, now of 

 the government of Dusseldorf in Rhenish Prussia, is situated in the 

 centre of a fertile country on the right bank of the Rhine, at the 

 point where the Dussel joins that river, in 50 13' N. lat., 6 47' E. long., 

 at an elevation of about 100 feet above the level of the sea, 22 miles 

 by railway N. from Cologne, and has, including the suburbs, a popu- 

 lation of 31,000, who are chiefly Roman Catholics. It was raised from 

 the rank of a village to that of a municipal town by Adolphus V., 

 duke of Berg, in 1288 ; it was first united to the Prussian dominions 

 with the duchy of Berg in 1815. The flying bridge across the Rhine 

 dates from the year 1680. Dusseldorf having been carefully fortified, 

 acquired the character of a fortress in the middle of the last century ; 

 but it was never tenable against a serious assault, and the defences 

 were razed by virtue of the treaty of Luueville in 1802. It if one of 

 the best-built towns on the Rhine, and has more the appearance of a 

 small German capital than any of the other Rhenish towns. The streets 

 are broad and planted with avenues of trees, and contain many showy 

 shops. Diisseldorf is surrounded by extensive garden-grounds, and 

 consists of three quarters, namely : the Altstadt, on the right bank of 

 the Dussel, which was the whole extent of the town until the begin- 

 ning of the 17th century ; the Neustadt, on the Rhine ; and Carlstadt, 

 the handsomest part of Dusseldorf, south of the Old Town, and on 

 the left bank of the Dussel, which takes its name from Carl 

 Theodore, the elector-palatine, who founded it in 1786. There are 

 five squares or open spaces, on one of which, the old market-place, 

 stands a colossal equestrian statue in bronze of Johann Wilhelm, elector- 

 palatine. Among the buildings of note are the old electoral palace, 

 which is now occupied by the Academy of Arts and the Royal Mint, and 

 in the court-yard of which is another statue of Johann Wilhelm in 

 marble. The town had formerly a famous picture-gallery, founded in 

 1710 by the elector Johann Wilhelm ; but the paintings were removed 

 to Munich in 1808, and those which it now contains are said to be of little 



OEOCI. DIV. VOL. II. 



value. There is however a thriving school of painting in the town, and 

 an exhibition of paintings is held annually in a building for the purpose 

 adjacent to the old electoral palace. The other buildings of consequence 

 are the present palace, where the governor of the province resides ; the 

 government-house, once a college of Jesuits ; the observatory, town- 

 hall (erected in 1567), courts of law, barracks, theatre, gymnasium, 

 and a public library of above 30,000 volumes. Dusseldorf has seven 

 churches, two of which belong to the Protestants ; the most remark- 

 able are St. Lambert's, and St. Andrew's (the oldest in the town, which 

 contains some good pictures and the tombs of several of the dukes of 

 Berg, &c.) ; and the church of the Jesuits, a handsome and richly- 

 decorated structure with two steeples, beneath the main altar of which 

 other sovereigns of Dusseldorf are interred. Besides these there are a 

 synagogue, three nunneries, an orphan and a lunatic asylum, two 

 hospitals, an infirmary, and various schools. 



Dusseldorf is the seat of the provincial government and tribunals 

 of justice. A court of assize is held in the town. It has manufactories 

 of woollens, cottons, leather, hats, tobacco, jewellery, mirrors, stock- 

 ings, &c., and carries on a considerable trade in cotton, wool, wines 

 and spirits, colonial produce, coals, timber, slates, and other commodi- 

 ties. It has been a free port since 1829. Adjoining the town are the 

 royal gardens and a botanic garden. The growing importance of 

 Dusseldorf as a commercial port is shown by the increase of its 

 imports and exports, which in 1836 were respectively 855,533 cwts. 

 and 113,144 cwts. ; in 1845, 1,535,926 cwts. and 206,370 cwts. A 

 large portion of the imports were for the use of Elberfeld and other 

 manufacturing towns iu the neighbourhood. The establishment of 

 railroads has increased the commercial advantages of the town. 

 Steamers ply regularly up and down the Rhine. 



DWINA, or DVINA, a river of Northern Russia, the largest that 

 falls into the White Sea, originates in the confluence of two smaller 

 rivers, the Sukhoua and the Jug (Yug), near Veliki-Usstiug, in 60 46' 

 N. lat., 46 30' E. long. The Sukhoua, a considerable stream, which 

 flows out of Lake Kubinskoi, and runs with a very tortuous channel 

 and in a north-easterly direction through the south-western parts of 

 the government of Vologda, describes a course (along the whole of 

 which it is navigable), of about 2S5 miles between that lake and its 

 junction with the Jug. The Jug, flowing down from a morass on the 

 northern range of the Volga Mountains, at the southernmost point of 

 the same government, and in the early part of its course washing the 

 walls of Nikolsk in its progress northward to its confluence with the 

 Sukhoua, has a length of about 248 miles. These two rivers unite 

 below Veliki-Usstiug, and the river is thenceforward denominated the 

 Dwina (' double river.') The Dwina flows in a north-westerly direc- 

 tion through the western districts of the government of Vologda, 

 becomes navigable before it quits them, traverses the south-western 

 part of the government of Archangel, and discharges its waters 

 through five arms below the town of Archangel into the Bay of Dwin- 

 skaya, in the White Sea. Its length in a straight line from the con- 

 fluence of the Sukhona and the Jug to its mouth is about 312 miles, 

 but, including its windings, it is estimated at about 736 miles. The 

 Dwina is navigable from the close of April to the first week in Novem- 

 ber for a distance of about 240 miles ; but owing to shoals at its 

 mouth vessels of more than 14 feet draught cannot enter it. [ARCH- 

 ANUEL, voL i., cols. 439, 442.] It generally flows between high banks, 

 and is on an average from 500 to 600 feet iu width ; at Archangel this 

 width is increased to four miles. Its chief tributaries are, on its right 

 bank, the Vytchegda and the Pinega. The source of the Vytchegda 

 is on the declivity of the Vertshoturi range of the Ural Mountains : 

 this river has numerous bends, and falls into the Dwina in the centre 

 of the government of Vologda, from which point the Dwina becomes 

 navigable. The whole length of the Vytchegda is not less than 500 

 miles. The Syaola, which flows northward from the mountains of 

 Viatka, joins the Vytchegda on the left bank at Ust-Sysolsk in the 

 government of Vologda. The Pinega rises in the north of the govern- 

 ment of Vologda, not far from the right bank of the Dwiua, in about 

 60 20' N. lat., and flows in a very tortuous course northward to Pineg, 

 in the government of Archangel. From Pineg the river is navigable, 

 and Jows westward into the Dwina a little above the town of Khol- 

 mogory. The length of the Pinega, reckoning all its windings, is 

 little short of 300 miles. Soon after it has received the Piuega oil 

 its right bank, the Dwina forms a number of islands, which extend 

 to its mouth. On its left bank the Dwina receives the Vaga, which 

 is navigable for about 75 miles, and joins the Dwina above Poinskoi, 

 in the government of Archangel, and the Emtsaor Yamza, a river 

 navigable for about 90 miles, which has its confluence with the Dwina 

 about 36 miles above Vilsk in the same government. The tide is 

 perceptible in the Dwina nearly 30 miles above Archangel. The basin 

 of the river occupies an area of about 123,900 square miles ; the bed 

 is generally of clay, covered with a thin layer of sand. The Dwina 

 abounds in fish. [ARCHANGEL.] 



DYLE. [SCHELDE.j 



DYRRACHIUM. [DURAZZO.] 



DYSART, Fifeshire, Scotland, a royal burgh and sea-port, is situ- 

 ated on the northern shore of the Frith of Forth, about 16 miles N. by 

 E. from Edinburgh, and 14 miles E. from Dunfermline, in 56 7' N. lat., 

 3 6' W. long. Dysart unites with Kirkcaldy, Burntisland, and King- 

 horn in returning ono member to tho Imperial Parliament : the 



3 l 



