ECCLESALL BIERLOW. 



KITADOH, 



BCCLESALL BIERLOW, Wart Riding of Yorkshire, a ,. lage and 

 UM Mat of a Poor Uw Union, in tha parish of Sbefflald, u situated 

 close to tha aouthern boundary of Yorkshire, in 58* SI' N. 1st, 1* SI' 

 W. long.; distant 54 mil.-. W.S.W. from York. and 162 mile. N.N.W. 

 from London. Tha population of the townnliip of Eoclaaall Biarlow, 

 which include* 26 hamleta, was 24,552 in 1851. Eocleaall Biarlow 

 Poor-Law Union contain* 7 pari.hr* and township*, with au area of 

 36,850 acre*, and a population in 1861 of 37,911. The inhabitants of 

 the township are chiefly occupied in the same manufacture* as are 

 carried on in Sheffield, of which borough and pariah the township 

 forma an important constituent part. The Wesleyan Methodist 

 institution called Wesley College, founded in 1838, which stand* within 

 the township, had ISO students in 1853. 



ECCLESHALL. [SiArroRDsniRK.] 



ECIJA. [SVILLA.l 



ECKMt'HL, a small village in Bavaria, situated on the Laber, in 

 48* 47' N. lat., 12* 3' E. long., owe* it* celebrity to the signal victory 

 which the French and Bavarians, under the emperor Napoleon I., gained 

 over the Austrian*, commanded by the archduke Charles, April 22, 

 1809. In testimony of the skill and intrepidity which Marshal 

 Davoust displayed on thi* occasion Napoleon conferred the title of 

 Prince of Eckmiihl upon him. 



ECUADOK, a republic of South America, extends from north to 

 sooth between 1 40' N. lat. and 5 50' S. lat, and between 70 20' and 

 80* W. long. It is bounded N. by the republic of New Qranada ; 

 E. by the empire of Brazil, S. by the republic of Peru, and W. by 

 the Pacific Ocean. The area may be vaguely estimated at about 

 300,000 square miles; the population at about 665,000. 



Cwut-tint, Surface, At. The southern boundary of the coast of 

 Ecuador U the Punta de Malpello, 3 30' S. lat, the termination of 

 the left bank of the river Tumbez, which from the Andes to the 

 Pacific U regarded as the boundary between the republics of Ecuador 

 and Peru. From this point to Point Mangles, 1 35' N. lat, at the 

 mouth of the Mira River, the boundary on the Pacific between the 

 republic* of EctuiJor and New Granada, the coast ha* a broken 

 convex line, with a general bearing towards the north-east Punta 

 de Malpello forms the southern extremity of the Qulf of Guayaquil ; 

 from it to Punta de Carnero the northern extremity of the gulf is 

 about 70 miles. At the mouth of the Guayaquil River is the large 

 island of Puna, and several smaller islands and sand-banks lie in the 

 channel of the testuary, but the river is navigable for vessels of 

 considerable burden up to Guayaquil, the principal port town of the 

 republic. From Punta Camero* to Punta Santa Elena, about 1 4 miles, 

 the coast bears north-west, it then curves round to the cast and 

 north, and forms the wide open bay of Santa Elena, in which there 

 U good anchorage in three and a half fathoms water. As the coast 

 bears round towards Cabo San Lorenzo there are several small islands 

 and rocks off the shore, and one, La Plata Island, of somewhat larger 

 sice a few miles north from it From San Matheo Point, a few miles 

 north from Cabo San Lorenzo, the coast again makes a bold sweep 

 round to Cape Passado and forms the large open Bahia Manta, near 

 the centre of which is the smaller bay of Caraccas, formed by the 

 swtuary of the river of the same name. From Cape Passado to 

 Galcra Point the general bearing of the coast is north-north-east, and 

 like the entire coast from Punta Santa Elena it is bold and rocky, 

 lofty hills and low mountains, the lower spurs of the Andes, rising 

 to heights varying from 500 to 1500 feet From Galera Point the 

 coast bears away east-north-east to the mouth of the Matage River, 

 whence it turns northward and forms Sordinas Bay ; Point Mangles, 

 the northern extremity of this bay, is the boundary on the Pacific of 

 the territory of Ecuador. Along the coast there are no large towns ; 

 and the few small harbours which it affords are only visited by small 

 coasting-vessel.. 



About one-third of the surface of the country is mountainous. 



Ecuador contain* almost the whole of the Equatorial Andes and the 



hilly country between them and the Pacific. The Andes enter the 



country between the Bay of Guayaquil and San Jaen de Bracamoros, 



thence run in a northern and north-eastern direction to the 



northern boundary. Thi* chain forms in the southern and northern 



extremity two large mountain-knots, that of Loja, between 5" 80' 



15' 8. lat, and that of Los Pastes between 20' and 1 13' 



, lat The first occupies, according to Humboldt, 11,660 square 



lea, and tha second 8700 square mile*. Between these two 

 *m knoU the Andes form an enormous mass of rocks, covering 

 in width an extent of 70 or 80 miles. Both declivities are rather 

 toep. but especially that towards tha eastern plain*. On both edges 

 is mass are lofty range* running parallel to one another, and 

 crowned by numerous summits, several of which rise above the line 

 >f perpetual snow. The highest ridges of those ranges may be about 

 60 mil** distant from one another; and between them extends a 

 longitudinal valley, which measures from 15 to 20 miles across, and 

 extends nearly 800 miles in length. At two points transverse ridges 

 nmt the two ranges, and thus tha great valley i* divided into three 

 smaller valley*. The most southern of these valleys, that of Cuenca, 

 extends from 3* 15' to V 27' S. lat, with a mean elevation above 

 the sea of about 7800 fact Its waters join the Rio da San Jago, a 

 tributary of the Amazon**. Th summits of the ranges which surround 

 it rise only to about 10,000 feet and nowhere attain the snow-line, 



except the range of Assuay (2 27' to 2 30' S. lat), which separates 

 the valley of Cuenca from that of Alausi and Ambato, the great 

 road over which rise* near tha Ladera da Cadlud to 16,520 feet To 

 the north of this transverse ridge extends the valley of Alauai and 

 Ambato from 2' 27' to 0* 46' S. lat It* surface is about 8000 feet 

 above the sea. Its waters run off to the Marona and Pastaca, two 

 tributaries of the Amazonas. On tha range cast of thi* valley are the 

 volcanoes of Sangay 16,827 feet, Tunguragua 15,960 feet, Cotopaxi 

 18,875 feet, and Carguairazo 16,663 feet A ihort distance south of 

 Carguairazo is the lofty Chimboraxo, tha highest summit of the 

 Equatorial Andes, being 21,242 feet above the sea. The transverse 

 ridge which separates the valley of Alauai and Ambato from that of 

 Quito i* called the Alto de Chisiuche. It is only about 500 feet 

 above the plains contiguous to it on the northern side, and is of 

 inconsiderable width. At its western extremity stands the Volcano 

 of Cotopaxi, and at its eastern the Yliniza, which rises to 17,376 feet 

 This Alto de Chiainche forms the watershed between the Pacific 

 and Atlantic seas. The valley of Quito extends from 40' S. lat to 

 20' N. lat to the mountain-knot of Los Pastes; and has a mean 

 elevation above the sea of about 9600 feet Its waters run off by the 

 Rio Pita, which joins the Rio de las Eatueraklan, and thus flows into 

 the Pacific, On the range standing east of this valley are the 

 Volcano de Antisaua 19,137 feet high, and the Cayambe Urcu on 

 the equator 19,534 feet high. On the western range are the Volcano 

 de Pichincha 15,936 feet high, and the Cotocache which rises to 

 16,448 feet On the mountain-knot De loa Pastos are several volcanoes, 

 as those of Chumbal 16,824 feet, Chiles and Paste 13,740 feet; this 

 last, which gives its name to the group, is however just beyond the 

 northern limits of Ecuador. The elevated plains which are inhabited 

 on that mountain region are 10,240 feet above the sea. 



The country between the Andes and the Pacific is filled up with 

 mountains of various elevations, which towards the shores mostly 

 sink down to hills. The shores themselves are high, but not of great 

 elevation, except in a few places, as at Cape San Lorenzo. The 

 country along the Rio de Guayaquil forms an exception. Here a 

 plain extends several miles in width, and is so low that part of it is 

 covered by the inundations of the river in the rainy season, and part 

 has been changed into a swamp. Along this valley are extensive 

 plantations of cacao. 



The great plain east of the Andes is partly wooded and partly 

 a savannah ; but in its present state it is of little importance, being 

 only inhabited by the natives. The north-eastern portion of it is 

 said to be occupied by a part of the low mountain range called by 

 Humboldt the Sierra Tunuhy. Numerous lakes and stagnant pools 

 occur in the great plain. 



Jfyilrography, Communication*, <tc. The principal river of Ecuador 

 is the Ama:onat, which U here called Marahon, and sometimes 

 Tunguragua. Where it leaves Peru, and begins to form the b mndary- 

 line between the two republics, commence the scries of cataracts and 

 rapids with which it issues from the Andes. Near San Jaen de 

 Bracamoros ia the Pongo de Rcntema, where the river, according to 

 Humboldt, is only 1232 feet above the level of the sea. Lower down 

 between Santiago de las Montanas and Borja, is the rapid or Pongo 

 of Manserichc, where the river is narrowed to about 150 feet, and 

 for about 7 miles rushes down with incredible velocity. Below this 

 Pongo the Amazonas becomes navigable, and continues so to its mouth. 

 [AMAZONAS.] Within the boundary of Ecuador, the Amazouas receives 

 the Marona, Pastaza, Tigre, and Napo, which descend from the eastern 

 declivities of the Andes. The Putumayo and the Yapuro, which 

 descend from the same range and in the same direction, fall into the 

 Amazonas within Brazil. The rivers which descend from the western 

 side of the Andes are numerous, have a comparatively short course, 

 and are of little importance. The most remarkable aro the Rio de 

 las Patias, Rio de las Esmeraldas, the Rio Santiago, the Rio Mira, 

 and the Rio de Guayaquil ; all of these are navigable by boats, but 

 the Guayaquil is the only one navigated by large vessels. 



The Guayaquil is formed by the union of numerous streams which 

 issue from the western slopes of the Andes. It becomes available for 

 commercial purposes at Babahoyo, or Caracol, about 70 or 80 miles 

 from its month, river boat* ascending to one or other of these place* 

 according to the season : ships of considerable burden can ascend at 

 full tide up to the town of Guayaquil. Here the river has been 

 swelled by the junction of its principal affluent*, the Daiili and the 

 Babo, and has increased to a great size. Opposite the city of Guaya- 

 quil it is 2 miles across, and it continues to expand largely to its 

 mouth. Below Guayaquil the channel is impeded by numerous 

 rock* and small islands. At its mouth is the larger island of Puna. 

 Where the river falls into the Pacific it i* known as the Gulf of 

 Guayaquil, the extreme points of which, as already noticed, are 

 70 miles apart 



All the maritime commerce of Ecuador is concentrated in that of 

 Guayaquil, from which, town there is a road to Quito, running first 

 along the banks of the Rio de Guayaquil to Caracol, and then for 

 some mile* through a low and level country. It then begin* to ascend 

 the western declivity of the Andes, and between Caluma and Uunr- 

 anda the ascent is extremely steep. From Guaronda it run* over the 

 plain to Ambato, and thence to Quito. The great road which connects 

 New Granada and Peru runs through the high valleys of Ecuador. 



