aura. 



ha* DO drainage, and it* streets daring the rainy season (from 

 December to April) are converted into quagmire*. Then i also a 

 nenh t tho back of the oily : circum*tences taken together amply 

 Mat to aoooant for the malignant fver* which so often prevail 

 in Guayaquil. Tha whole town extends about S miles along the 

 river, but ite width MinooBaidenble. Tha houses exotp* in the princi- 

 pal (treat, callad the Calla da Oomenrio, have commonly only one story, 

 and the framework u mada of timber. Nona of the public building, 

 are distinguuhed by architectural beauty. A* the tidea riae M> high, 

 the water far above the town brackkh and unfit for drinking. 

 Several large balsas are oonatantly employed to bring freah water 

 down the (for from a distant place. Many families lire entirely 

 on board of bain* in the river Guayaquil. The commerce of the 

 eity ia of considerable importance. European goods are imported 

 into Guayaquil in eonaiderable quantities and aent up the rirer to 

 . Babayhoyo or Caracol, whence they are carried on the back* of 

 mule* to the valleys of Ambato and Quito. Almost the whole of 

 the native product* are exported from Guayaquil. From 130 to 200 

 ahip* enter and leave the port annually. Some ship* are built here. 

 Guayaquil i* subject to frequent Tiaitation* of terrific earthquakes. 

 Mount t'himborazo, a* well a* the Volcano of Cotopaxi, u visible from 

 the town in clear weather. On the bank* of the Rio de Guayaquil are 

 SmtugAoyo and Coratoi, which are situated at the points where the 

 river ceases to be navigable at different season*, and consequently on 

 that account are used as commercial depots. Puerto Yrjo, a small 

 place, is the capital of the province of Manabi; its harbour is at 

 Mania. Another harbour ia at Punta de Santa Elena, where much salt 

 is made. The island of Puna, in the Bay of Guayaquil, has an area of 

 more than 200 square miles. At the arrival of the Spaniards it is 

 said to have had a population of 20,000, but it is now only inhabited 

 by a few fishermen. To this department belong the Galapagos 

 Islands. [GALAPAGOS.] 



9. The department of Assuay derives its name from the mountain 

 ridge which divides the valley of Alansi from that of Cuenca. It 

 comprehends the last-named valley, the mountain knot of Loja, and 

 a few miles of sea-coast along the Gulf of Guayaquil, contiguous 

 to the boundary of Pern, with by far the greatest part of the eastern 

 plain*. In a few places ruins of ancient temples and palaces occur. 

 Cinchona-bark forms its principal article of exportation. This 

 department contains many herds of sheep and cattle, and the valley 

 of Cuenoa produces grain in abundance. Some silver mine* occur, 

 but few if any are now worked. The capital ia Cuenca, 8640 feet 

 above the sea, a large but meanly-built town, with 20,000 inhabitants, 

 and some trade in cheese and rural produce. It has a university ; 

 and some institutions for education have been established. At 

 Anyua are mines of quicksilver. 070, population about 10,000, in 

 a valley 6793 feet above the sea, has some fine churches, and trades 

 extensively in cinchona-bark. Zarvaut, on the western declivity of 

 the Andes, population 6000, is the capital of the mining district ; 

 both gold and silver mine* are in the neighbourhood. The port of 

 IWtbcz, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, is the place where Pizarro made 

 bis descent on the Peruvian coast ; in its neighbourhood are some 

 mines. .Sin Jam de Bracamoroi, near the left bank of the Maranon, 

 baa 9000 inhabitants. Borja, is a small place, where the Pongo de 

 Manaeriohe terminates. 



Hittory, Government. Ecuador was discovered*by Pizarro in 1526; 

 and came into the hands of the Spaniards at the downfall of the empire 

 of the Incaa. It remained a Spanish possession until 1812, when the 

 inhabitant* rose in insurrection and made a determined effort to 

 throw off the Spanish yoke. Quito was then a part of the vice-royalty 

 of New Granada, and it participated fully in the frequent vicissitudes 

 of the war, which ended in 1823 with the complete expulsion of the 

 Spaniard.. By the convention of Cucuta in 1821 New Granada and 

 vensauela united and formed one republic under the name of 

 Colombia, but this union lasted only till 1881, when these countries 

 again separated. Ecuador, or the ancient kingdom of Quito, was 

 then also separated from New Granada, and since that time has 

 existed as an independent state. Kcuador declared itself an inde- 

 pendent republic, and established a constitution, according to which 

 * is governed by a president elected for eight years, a vice-president, 

 council of state, and a house of representatives consisting of one 

 sober for every 40,000 inhabitant*. The Roman Catholic i, th.- 

 established religion : the church is presided over by the Archbishop 

 of Quito and the Bishop of Guayaquil. 



(La Condamine; UHoaj Hnmboldt; Caklas, in Mollicn's Trarcli ; 

 Hall; Otoynpkicfd Journal; Admiralty Chart; Parlia- 



"r EDYSTONE LIOHtHOUSE is constructed on 



the sloping aide of a rock which bears from Plymouth south by west, 

 and from the Ran Head south half a point east It is distant from 

 the-Mcboring in tbe Bound 4 league*, and from Ram Head about SJ 

 league*. The Isle of Maystone bears from the lighthouse abont 

 north-east by north, 4 league, distant All the rock* near the light- 

 boose are on tbe east aide, stretching to the north and south, and 

 they are all covered at high water ; but on the west side any ship may 

 sail cloee by the botue in 12 or IS fathoms water, and there are no 

 bidden rock*. About a quarter of a mile east by north from the 

 om then to a rock which never appears but at loimpring tide*. 



The first lighthouse built on the Eddystone rock wu constructed 

 by Mr. Winstanley, a gentleman of Essex, who was a man of a mecha- 

 nical turn. His work was begun in 1690, and completed in four yean. 

 The baa* wa* of atone, the remainder was of wood. While some 

 repairs were "Hng under bis inspection the building was blown 

 down in a terrible hurricane during the night of the 26th of November 

 17 OS, and he and hi* workmen perished. Not a vestige, except some 

 iron stencheons and a chain, wa* left behind. In 1706 an act was 

 passed for rebuilding the lighthouse, and Mr. Rudyerd, a silk-mercer, 

 was employed by the lessns of the lighthouse to construct a new 

 building, also of wood on a stone base. Mr. Smeaton was of opinion 

 that Rudyerd directed the performance of his work in a masterly 

 manner, and so as perfectly to answer the end for which it was 

 intended, until it was destroyed by fire in 1755. 



The present edifice is a circular tower of stone sweeping up with a 

 gentle curve from the base, and gradually diminishing to the top, 

 somewhat similar to the swelling of the trunk of a tree. The upper 

 extremity is finished with a kind of cornice, and is surmount. .1 with 

 a lantern, having a gallery round it with an iron balustrade. Tho 

 tower is furnished with a door and windows, and a staircase and 

 ladders for ascending to the lantern through the apartment" for those 

 who keep watch. Mr. Smeaton undertook the task of constructing 

 the lighthouse in 1756, and completed it in less than four 

 years. 



The materials employed in building the tower are moor-stone, a 

 hard species of granite, and Portland-stone. The stones for the 

 several courses were rough-worked at the quarries. Six foundation 

 courses dovetailed together were raised on the lower part of the rock, 

 which brought the whole to a solid level mass. These course*-, 

 eight others raised above them, form the solid bed of the work, and 

 take the form of the swelling trunk of a tree at ite base. The general 

 weight of the stones employed is from a ton to two tons. In the 

 solid work tho centra stones were fixed first, and all the courses were 

 fitted on a platform and accurately adjusted before they were removed 

 to the rock. 



The base of the tower is about 26 feet 9 inches in diameter, taken 

 at the highest part of the rock. The diameter at the top of the solid 

 masonry is about 19 feet 9 inches, and the height of the solid masonry 

 is 18 feet from the foundation. The height of the tower from tho 

 centre is 61 feet 7 inches; the lantern, the base of which is st 

 24 feet ; and the diameter of the tower below the cornice is 15 feet. 

 The whole height is therefore 85 feet 7 inches, according to the scale 

 given by Smeaton to his drawings. The upper part of the building, 

 constructed of wood, was burnt in 1770, and renewed in 1774. The 

 building has stood every storm unshaken. 



(Winstanley, Ligkthow ; Smeaton, Anrrn/tw.) 



EDKN. RIVER. [CUMBERLAND.] 



KliKMililliiJK. [KENT.] 



KIJKN'DKHKY, King's county, Leinxter, Ireland, n mark. ' 

 and the seat of a Poor-Law Union in the pariah of Mon 

 situated in 53 18' N. lat., 7 2' W. long., distant 35 miles \V. l,y S. 

 from Dublin. The population in 1851 was IfSI'l. i MI the 



Union workhouse. Edenderry Poor-Law Union comprises li'.id. 

 divisions, with an area of 172,407 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 29,791. The town is situated at the north-eastern extremity of the 

 bog of Allen. It has been much improved by the Marquis of Down- 

 shire, on whose estate it stands ; and is now a clean, neat, and rather 

 prosperous town. The church stands on the summit of a hill 318 

 feet high which adjoins the town, and commands an extcn 

 the surrounding country ; on the some hill are also the ruins of an 

 ancient castle. The other public buildings are a Roman Catholic 

 chapel, a Quakers' meeting-house, the town-hall, a market-house, and 

 the Union workhouse. The principal trade is in corn, of which large 

 quantities ore sold at the weekly markets. The Grand Canal passes 

 within a mile of Edenderry, and a branch has been brought into thn 

 town. Fairs are held in March, June, and November. 



(Power, Handbook of Ireland,- Thorn, /riA Almanac.) 



K 1 )ENSOR. [DERBYSHIRE.] 



1-HKSSA, fORrA.1 



EDKU, a village of Upper Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile, in 

 25 N. lat., remarkable for its two temples, tho larger of " 

 of the finest and best preserved in Egypt, though much > 

 with sand and rubbish, and with the huts of the -. who 



have built their village around and on the top of it. I I 

 access to the larger temple, which was dedicated to Noura, or Kneph, 

 is by a gateway 50 feet high, between two enormous propylo, or trun- 

 cated pyramids, 104 feet long, 37 feet wide at the base, and 114 feet 

 high. At the summit the horizontal section is 84 feet by 20. On 

 the front of these moles immense figures are sculptured in a masterly 

 style. A court is then entered 161 feet long, and 140 feet wide, 

 surrounded with walls, on each side of which there is a row of pillars 

 placed at some distance from the ride wall, the space between the 

 pillars and the wall being roofed over with stone, forming a covered 

 portico. From the base of the pillars to the top of t I ering 



is about 854 feet The court is now filled with nil ncum- 



bered with wretched buildings, funning part of the modern villogu of 

 Edfu, the remainder being built on the roof of the temple itaclf. 

 From the entrance of the court there is a gradual ascent to the 



